Age estimation of the wild population of Japanese mantis shrimp <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oratosquilla oratoria</Emphasis> (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) in Tokyo Bay,Japan, using lipofuscin as an age marker

ABSTRACT:   In this study, the age composition of the Japanese mantis shrimp, Oratosquilla oratoria , in Tokyo Bay, central Japan, was investigated using lipofuscin, an autofluorescent pigment, as an age marker. Lipofuscin in a histological section of protocerebral bridge cell mass (PBCM) in the brain was identified by confocal microscopy, and its concentration was quantified by image analysis. Modal analysis of the lipofuscin concentration showed four regularly-spaced modes that could each be regarded as a distinct age group. This implied a constant lipofuscin accumulation in PBCM at a 6.5 × 10⁻²% volume fraction per year; it also implied the existence of individuals that are at least 4 years old. The lipofuscin concentration was found to be a more appropriate index than body length for estimating the age of O. oratoria , because the modal analysis on the body–length histogram failed to detect apparent age groups. This was probably a result of the declining growth rate with age and the individual variations in growth through molting leading to considerable overlap in the size between different age groups. The lipofuscin analysis suggested that fast-growing individuals in each cohort are recruited to the fishery, and most individuals attain the exploitable size between 2 and 3 years of age.     

人工栽培灵芝抗老保健作用的实验研究

人工栽培灵芝可显著提高小鼠血液红细胞超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性，增加皮肤中可提取胶原的比例：有效降低小鼠心肌组织和脑组织中脂褐素的形成（P＜0．01），低剂量的灵芝（GL）还可以延长果蝇的寿命（P＜0．01），对小鼠空间辨别学习，记忆获得和记忆 有明显的促进作用。     

Accumulation of lipofuscin in broiler chicken with wooden breast

Lipofuscin is one of the indicators of oxidative stress. To elucidate the role of oxidative stress in the development of wooden breast, this study investigates lipofuscin accumulation in various parts of wooden breast muscles. Sampling was performed using 46-day-old broiler chickens housed at a commercial Japanese poultry slaughterhouse. Fourteen wooden breast fillets and 13 normal breast fillets were collected in the deboning line. The samples used to measure shear force, 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), and for histological analysis were taken from the six portions of breast muscle fillets. In muscles affected by wooden breast, vacuolated muscle fibers were observed, and connective tissues appearing like perimysium were expanded with fibrosis. TBARS value and accumulation of lipofuscin were significantly higher in the wooden breast than in the normal breasts. A lot of lipofuscin granules were localized in the cytoplasm of collapsed muscle fibers of the wooden breast. The cranial portion of the wooden breast showed the highest shear force. The cranial position had a large amount of connective tissue and lipofuscin granules. The results of the present study strongly suggest that high oxidative stress, especially with a significant accumulation of lipofuscin, is associated with the development of wooden breasts.     

神香草及提取物的抗衰老作用

通过测定小鼠组织，血清中与衰老有关的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)，谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)，过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性及脂质过氧化物(MDA)，脂褐素(LPF)含量来研究神香草及非挥发性提取物对机体组织及血清抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明，神香草及非挥发性提取物能提高机体及血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)，谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)，过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性，并能降低脂质过氧化物(MDA)及脂褐素(LPF)的含量。而且大剂量饲料组提高活性尤其明显，这为神香草的综合利用开发提供了依据。     

葡萄皮多酚调节LC3-Ⅱ表达及抑制视网膜色素上皮细胞损伤

研究葡萄皮多酚类化合物是否具有保护RPE细胞免受对脂褐素损伤的作用,并且探讨这种保护作用是否与维持自噬活性相关。脂褐素沉积是细胞衰老标志之一,当脂褐素在视网膜色素上皮细胞(RPE)中累积到一定水平,将增加年龄相关性黄斑变性(AMD)的风险。但是,脂褐素在RPE细胞内的作用机制尚不清晰。目前尚无有效预防、治疗AMD的手段,通过抗氧化剂清除自由基,维持细胞自噬活性可能会成为预防AMD的新策略。采用化学合成脂褐素主要荧光基团Nretinyledin-N-retinylethanolamin(A2E)建立RPE细胞累积脂褐素模型,用共聚焦显微镜和液相色谱-质谱联用检测A2E在RPE细胞中累积。细胞活力及凋亡检测结果表明A2E对细胞活性具有抑制作用。Western blotting结果表明A2E提高自噬相关蛋白LC3-Ⅱ的累积,并且自噬阻断剂bafilomycin A1和A2E共同处理RPE细胞条件下LC3-Ⅱ表达量较单独用A2E处理条件下没有显著性差异,说明A2E能够阻断自噬流。此外,葡萄皮提取物能够减少A2E诱导的LC3-Ⅱ累积,提示葡萄皮多酚化合物对自噬流的保护作用。并且,葡萄皮提取物能够抑制A2E诱导RPE细胞凋亡,这种抑制作用在一定程度上归因于对自噬流的保护作用。     

稻纵卷叶螟成虫日龄的判定指标

本研究旨在明确稻纵卷叶螟成虫生化和形态指标与其日龄之间的关系,为建立稻纵卷叶螟成虫日龄判定的数学模型和预测预报提供理论依据。通过提取稻纵卷叶螟成虫头部生化物质和解剖其生殖器官,研究了羽化后1～6日龄雌雄成虫头部褐脂质、蝶啶含量的变化以及雌蛾卵巢小管和雄蛾精巢的发育状况。研究表明:(1)不同日龄间雌、雄成虫头部褐脂质、蝶啶含量均无显著差异。(2)不同日龄间雌蛾卵巢小管长度、雄蛾精巢大小均具有显著差异(P0.05)。雌蛾1～3日龄、3～6日龄卵巢小管长度与日龄的线性相关系数(R~2)分别为0.615 2和0.128 4。雄蛾精巢长半轴、短半轴长度与日龄的线性相关系数(R~2)分别为0.578 4和0.579 6。(3)利用卵巢小管长度对低日龄雌蛾日龄的估计表明:1 d估计误差平均为±0.56 d,2 d估计误差平均为±0.47 d。利用精巢长半轴对雄蛾日龄的估计表明:1～6 d估计误差平均为±1.28 d、±1.48 d、±1.43 d、±1.32 d、±1.53 d和±1.29 d。利用精巢短半轴对雄蛾日龄的估计表明:1～6 d估计误差平均为±1.15 d、±1.04 d、±0.97 d、±1.12 d、±1.46 d和±1.21 d。综上,头部褐脂质和蝶啶不能准确反映稻纵卷叶螟成虫日龄的变化,不能作为其日龄判定的指标。而雌蛾卵巢小管和雄蛾精巢形态稳定,其大小变化与日龄具有一定的对应关系,卵巢小管和精巢在稻纵卷叶螟成虫日龄的判定中具有较大的应用潜力。     

What is your diagnosis? Hemorrhagic effusion in a dog

Abstract: A 2‐year‐old spayed female, German Shepherd dog was presented to the University of Illinois Veterinary Teaching Hospital with a history of intermittent lethargy. On physical examination, lung sounds were increased. The dog had a mild fever (103.7°F) and mild tachycardia (120 bpm). Thoracic ultrasound revealed a sternal mass and pericardial effusion, both of which were aspirated. On cytologic examination, the pericardial fluid contained a large amount of blood and was interpreted as a hemorrhagic effusion. Nucleated cells consisted mainly of macrophages containing phagocytized RBCs and hemosiderin and many clusters of reactive mesothelial cells. The majority of mesothelial cells contained variable amounts of rod‐shaped brown pigment granules that were suspected to be iron. The granules were positive for Prussian blue and carbol–fuschin, indicative of iron potentially mixed with lipofuscin. The granules stained negatively with Melan A, rhodamine, Hall's, and periodic acid‐Schiff. The iron within the mesothelial cells was likely secondary to hemorrhage, based on the erythrophagia and accumulation of hemosiderin in macrophages. Iron deposition and phagocytic activity in mesothelial cells has been reported previously in humans and rats, but not in dogs.     

口虾蛄脑部褐脂质分布、组织学和超微结构特征研究

为了解口虾蛄Oratosquilla oratoria脑部形态特征,揭示口虾蛄生理年龄与褐脂质(lipofuscin)含量的关系,采用组织切片、荧光成像和透射电镜技术,研究了口虾蛄脑中褐脂质的形态、分布和超微结构特征。结果表明:口虾蛄脑位于眼节之后、头脑甲最前方,体积较小;H.E组织切片下脑部细胞核颗粒呈圆形且均匀分布,直径为10~30μm,并在脑前桥细胞团(protocerebral bridge cell mass)区域分布较多;荧光显微镜下褐脂质颗粒呈黄褐色,直径为1~3μm,均匀分布于脑部;透射电镜下可见褐脂质颗粒多聚集分布于近细胞核区域,外被单层细胞器膜,染色密度较其他区域高且均匀。研究表明,整体上口虾蛄脑部褐脂质分布均匀,其形态与其他甲壳动物脑部褐脂质相似。