不同灌水量对日光温室番茄产量、品质和水分利用效率的影响

通过温室膜下滴灌试验,研究了不同灌水量对番茄产量、品质和水分利用率的影响。结果表明:灌水量对番茄产量和果实品质有显著的影响。灌水量为375mm的处理产量达到138108kg/hm~2,比对照增产74.96%,达到极显著水平,水分利用率为1.60kg/m~3;降低灌水量可提高果实中硝酸盐、可溶性糖和维生素C等可溶物的含量。     

Short-term effects of de-oiled olive pomace mulching application on a young super high-density olive orchard

A two-year field experiment was performed in order to evaluate the suitability of de-oiled olive pomace for soil management in a young super high-density olive orchard. In the literature there are not works on this topic.     

Deficit irrigation based on drought tolerance and root signalling in potatoes and tomatoes

Agriculture is a big consumer of fresh water in competition with other sectors of the society. Within the EU-project SAFIR new water-saving irrigation strategies were developed based on pot, semi-field and field experiments with potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), fresh tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and processing tomatoes as model plants. From the pot and semi-field experiments an ABA production model was developed for potatoes to optimize the ABA signalling; this was obtained by modelling the optimal level of soil drying for ABA production before re-irrigation in a crop growth model. The field irrigation guidelines were developed under temperate (Denmark), Mediterranean (Greece, Italy) and continental (Serbia, China) climatic conditions during summer. The field investigations on processing tomatoes were undertaken only in the Po valley (North Italy) on fine, textured soil. The investigations from several studies showed that gradual soil drying imposed by deficit irrigation (DI) or partial root zone drying irrigation (PRD) induced hydraulic and chemical signals from the root system resulting in partial stomatal closure, an increase in photosynthetic water use efficiency, and a slight reduction in top vegetative growth. Further PRD increased N-mineralization significantly beyond that from DI, causing a stay-green effect late in the growing season. In field potato and tomato experiments the water-saving irrigation strategies DI and PRD were able to save about 20-30% of the water used in fully irrigated plants. PRD increased marketable yield in potatoes significantly by 15% due to improved tuber size distribution. PRD increased antioxidant content significantly by approximately 10% in both potatoes and fresh tomatoes. Under a high temperature regime, full irrigation (FI) should be undertaken, as was clear from field observations in tomatoes. For tomatoes full irrigation should be undertaken for cooling effects when the night/day average temperature >26.5 °C or when air temperature >40 °C to avoid flower-dropping. The temperature threshold for potatoes is not clear. From three-year field drip irrigation experiments we found that under the establishment phase, both potatoes and tomatoes should be fully irrigated; however, during the later phases deficit irrigation might be applied as outlined below without causing significant yield reduction:

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Potatoes

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After the end of tuber initiation, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

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Fresh tomatoes

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From the moment the 1st truce is developed, DI is applied at 85-80% of FI for two weeks. In the middle period, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

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Processing tomatoes

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From transplanting to fruit setting at 4th-5th cluster, the PRD and DI threshold for re-irrigation is when the plant-available soil water content (ASWC) equals 0.7 (soil water potential, Ψ_soil = −90 kPa). During the late fruit development/ripening stage, 10% of red fruits, the threshold for re-irrigation for DI is when ASWC = 0.5 (Ψ_soil = −185 kPa) and for PRD when ASWC (dry side) = 0.4 (Ψ_{soil, dry side} = −270 kPa).

The findings during the SAFIR project might be used as a framework for implementing water-saving deficit irrigation under different local soil and climatic conditions.     

半干旱区坡耕地抗旱保水技术集成对大豆水分利用效率的影响

黑龙江省西部半干旱区属典型的东北黑土区,为我国重要的商品粮生产基地。然而,由于地形地貌、气候条件的复杂多变,降水的时空分布不均,以及人类的长期干预造成的生态环境的改变,致使该区连年干旱。干旱及水土流失已成为制约该区经济发展的主要因素。根据黑龙江省西部半干旱区的自然特点,选取了坐水播种和苗期补灌2种抗旱节水技术和垄向区田保水技术,在甘南县国家863试验基地研究了该3项技术的集成对WUE的影响。结果表明,该项技术可以显著的提高大豆的WUE值。     

日光温室青花菜耗水规律及水分利用效率的研究

在膜下滴灌条件下,研究了温室秋茬青花菜不同生育阶段控制水分对耗水规律、水分利用效率以及产量的影响。结果表明,青花菜全生育期内耗水量、耗水强度均表现为苗期﹥莲座期结球期的规律;水分生产函数的敏感指数为结球期﹥苗期﹥莲座期,因此青花菜节水宜在莲座期进行,结球期应保证水分供应充足,避免减产;苗期和莲座期分别控制灌水量为常规灌水量65%的处理,产量高、水分利用效率较高,是青花菜适宜的灌溉量。     

华北冬小麦拔节期水分胁迫-复水补偿效应研究

以华北地区抗旱性不同的二冬麦品种石家庄8号(抗旱品种)与偃麦20(非抗旱品种)为材料,研究拔节期水分胁迫-复水补偿效应的品种差异及补偿效应对产量及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响.结果表明,在拔节期不同胁迫程度和不同胁迫历时下.石家庄8号水分胁迫一复水之后,各项生理指标均快速补偿,轻度水分胁迫-复水后出现超补偿效应,且出现...     

不同灌溉方式对渭北果园土壤水分及水分利用的影响

为了筛选适合渭北黄土高原苹果园的节水灌溉方式,以陕富6号苹果为试材,研究了不同灌溉方式下0～1 m土壤含水率的动态变化规律、土壤储水量和水分利用效率.结果表明:(1)3～10月份,不同层次土壤含水率由高到低为:膜下滴灌＞膜下沟溉≈滴灌＞沟灌＞不灌溉,覆膜与不覆膜之间比较,膜下沟灌＞沟灌,膜下滴灌＞滴灌.(2)6月15日...     

地下水埋深对冬小麦和春玉米产量及水分生产效率的影响

利用排水式蒸渗仪,通过设置6种地下水位控制处理(地下水位埋深分别为0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 m和3.0 m)试验,探讨了太原盆地不同地下水埋深对冬小麦和春玉米生长指标、产量、产量构成因素及水分生产效率(WUE)的影响.结果表明,地下水埋深对冬小麦和春玉米千粒重的影响较小,对冬小麦干.物质重影响显著(P=0...     

地下水埋深对春玉米田土壤水分及产量的影响

通过6种地下水位控制处理和对照春玉米试验,探讨了地下水埋深对春玉米农田土壤水分、产量以及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,地下水埋深对春玉米0～100cm层次土壤水分的影响较大。地下水位越浅这种影响显得越明显;无论地下水埋深深浅,田间累计地下水补给量变化规律可分为4个阶段,即稳定增长期、缓慢增长期、快速增长期和趋于稳定期。地下水位越高,累计地下水补给量越大,土壤排水量越大。较大降雨后土壤开始排水日期随着地下水埋深加深而滞后;地下水埋深1.0m时春玉米产量和水分利用率最高。地下水位在1.0m以下时,水分利用效率随地下水位加深而减少。     

水土保持耕作对夏种大豆光合、蒸腾及水分利用效率的影响

在甘肃黄土旱塬区,以夏种大豆为试验材料,对不同水土保持耕作方式下夏种大豆光合生理生态特征及水分利用效率进行了试验研究.结果表明,在生育期内,夏种大豆净光合速率呈下降的趋势,峰值出现在生长早期,可能主要受当地日照时数及有效辐射特点的影响.覆盖麦草耕作能有效减少土壤蒸发、增加耕层土壤含水量,显著提高夏种大豆叶片的净光合速率(P<0.01)及水分利用效率,净光合速率与水分利用效率呈正相关.水土保持耕作措施可使农田的光、温和水资源得到科学有效地利用.