延迟收获对长江中游春玉米农艺性状及机收质量的影响

为探明长江中游玉米籽粒机械直收适宜品种与配套农艺措施，2018—2019年选用不同玉米品种，测定不同机收时间下玉米关键农艺性状、产量及机收质量指标。结果表明，收获时间对春玉米机收产量与机收质量均有显著影响。延迟1周收获后籽粒容重显著增加，机收产量显著提高，2年平均提高9.72%；而延迟2周收获则有降低机收产量的趋势。2年收获时杂质率总体≤3%，而机收籽粒破碎率与损失率均>5%，是该区域春玉米籽粒机收面临的主要问题。籽粒厚度、籽粒含水率和百粒重是影响机收籽粒破碎率的关键性状，三者与机收籽粒破碎率均呈显著的倒二次曲线关系；玉米的倒伏率、穗位高和重心高度是影响机收损失率的关键性状，倒伏率与机收损失率呈显著正相关，而穗位高和重心高度与机收损失率均呈显著的二次曲线关系。延迟收获能显著降低籽粒含水量，从而降低籽粒破碎率，但继续延迟收获有增加倒伏的风险。综上，长江中游春玉米成熟后适时延迟7~10 d收获，可有效降低籽粒含水量与机收籽粒破碎率，提高玉米籽粒机收产量。     

Replication of neurovirulent equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) in CD172a+ monocytic cells

Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is responsible for respiratory disorders, abortion and myeloencephalopathy (EHM) in horses. Two pathotypes of EHV-1 strains are circulating in the field: neurovirulent (N) and non-neurovirulent (NN). For both strains, CD172a⁺ monocytic cells are one of the main carrier cells of EHV-1 during primary infection, allowing the virus to invade the horse’s body. Recently, we showed that EHV-1 NN strains showed a restricted and delayed replication in CD172a⁺ cells. Here we characterize the in vitro replication kinetics of two EHV-1 N strains in CD172a⁺ cells and investigate if the replication of these strains is similarly silenced as shown for EHV-1 NN strains. We found that EHV-1 N replication was restricted to 7–8% in CD172a⁺ cells compared to 100% in control RK-13 cells. EHV-1 N replication was not delayed in CD172a⁺ cells but virus production was significant lower (10^3.0 TCID₅₀/10⁵ inoculated cells) than in RK-13 cells (10^8.5 TCID₅₀/10⁵ inoculated cells). Approximately 0.04% of CD172a⁺ cells produced and transmitted infectious EHV-1 to neighbour cells compared to 65% of RK-13 cells. Unlike what we observed for the NN strain, pretreatment of CD172a⁺ cells with histone deacetylases inhibitors (HDACi) did not influence the replication of EHV-1 N strains in these cells. Overall, these results show that the EHV-1 replication of N strains in CD172a⁺ cells differs from that observed for NN strains, which may contribute to their different pathogeneses in vivo.     

Leaf carbohydrates assimilation and metabolism affect seed yield of rapeseed with different waterlogging tolerance under the interactive effects of nitrogen and waterlogging

Waterlogging is a main factor causing rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) yield loss, and reasonable nitrogen (N) applications can compensate for this loss. To investigate the effects of N rates on seed yield of waterlogged rapeseed, the waterlogging-tolerant rapeseed variety ZS 9 and sensitive variety GH01 were waterlogged for 0 and 10 days with five leaves at the seedling stage under four N rates (0, 90, 180 and 270 kg/ha). Waterlogging significantly decreased seed yield, while N application can alleviate the yield loss. The yield decrease rate of waterlogged GH01 was greater than that of ZS 9 under the same N rate. During the seedling and bolting stage, the leaf photosynthetic rate (Pn) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activity increased, while activities of adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), sucrose synthase (SuSy) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) decreased with more N under the same watering conditions. Compared to the plants without waterlogging, the leaf Pn and Rubisco activity, starch and sucrose contents of waterlogged rapeseed decreased at the two stages; activities of AGPase, SuSy and SPS of waterlogged rapeseed decreased at the seedling while increased at the bolting stage for both the two varieties. At the flowering stage, the Pn, the activities of Rubisco, AGPase, SuSy, SPS and contents of sucrose, starch increased with more N application for both ZS 9 and GH01. Compared to the plants without waterlogging, the Pn and Rubisco activity for waterlogged plants of the two varieties increased; the waterlogged plants of tolerant variety had higher activities of AGPase, SuSy and SPS, while those of sensitive variety was significantly lower. However, the decreased starch and sucrose content were found in both tolerant and sensitive varieties. The activities of AGPase, SuSy and SPS at flowering were highly positively correlated with yield under the interactive effects of N and waterlogging. These results suggested that the flowering stage is the most important stage that N had the positive regulation on waterlogged rapeseed growth. The carbohydrates translocation from leaves to seeds of the tolerant variety were enhanced after waterlogging, while that of the sensitive variety was still inhibited. This was the main reason for the difference in yield between the two waterlogged varieties.     

芸薹属及其他异源多倍体植物的基因表达特征研究进展

远缘杂交及异源多倍化导致许多重要作物的起源与进化，而芸薹属栽培异源四倍种是研究作物异源多倍化的模式系统之一。异源多倍体是如何调控及协调来自不同二倍体祖先的不同基因组的遗传行为及基因表达，是过去二十年间的研究热点和重要的生物学问题。利用不断发展的分子生物学技术，一方面揭示出芸薹属及其他多倍体物种基因组表现出动态性质，即在形成初期及长期进化过程中持续发生遗传及表观遗传的变化；另一方面发现异源多倍化过程中伴随着大量的基因表达模式改变，包括非加性表达、超亲表达、表达水平显性、部分同源偏向表达、基因剂量平衡效应等现象。上述基因组结构、表观遗传改变以及基因表达模式的调控，使新产生的多倍体得以成功进化为新物种。     

基于茎秆生物力学特性的油菜抗倒调控机制研究

为了应用生物力学特性指标对茎秆抗倒性进行评价，进而指导油菜抗倒栽培，以华杂62和金油杂158为试验材料，基于不同栽培因素下油菜茎秆的弹性模量、弯曲强度、剪切强度及抗倒性，分析了栽培因素对油菜茎秆力学特性指标的影响及其与抗倒性的相关性。结果表明：油菜抗倒性与茎秆的弹性模量、弯曲强度、剪切强度呈显著负相关；随着播期推迟，油菜茎秆的弹性模量、弯曲强度及剪切强度分别减小15.31%、29.16%和13.88%，倒伏指数增大32.18%；随着播种密度增大，油菜茎秆的弹性模量、弯曲强度及剪切强度均呈先增大后减小趋势，而倒伏指数先减小后增大；随着施氮量增加，油菜茎秆的弹性模量、弯曲强度及剪切强度均逐渐减小，而倒伏指数逐渐增大，与施氮量120 kg·hm^-2处理相比，在施氮量为360 kg·hm^-2下，油菜茎秆的弹性模量、弯曲强度及剪切强度分别减小39.43%、19.40%和16.63%，倒伏指数增大16.36%。因此，播期提前、适当增加播种密度、控制氮肥投入，有助于提高油菜茎秆的力学特性强度，从而增强油菜的抗倒伏能力。研究结果可为油菜抗倒栽培调控提供理论依据。     

连锁超市在我国农村地区发展的问题及对策研究

在分析归纳连锁超市在我国农村地区发展动因的基础上,指出了发展中面临的问题,并根据我国农村消费品市场的自身特点,提出了解决问题的对策。     

Expression of an extended HMW subunit in transgenic wheat and the effect on dough mixing properties

Wheat line L88-31 was transformed with a gene encoding an extended form of subunit 1Dx5 to study the relationship between subunit size and the effect on dough mixing properties. Four transgenic lines were recovered, one of which expressed a truncated form of the protein with mobility between those of the wild type and extended subunits. Comparison of the Mixograph profiles and gluten protein compositions with those of the control lines and a line expressing the wild type subunit 1Dx5 transgene showed that two of the transgenic lines had poor mixing properties and that this was associated with co-suppression of HMW subunit gene expression. The other two transgenic lines had improved mixing properties (measured as increased mixing time) and this was associated with increased proportions of large glutenin polymers. None of the transgenic lines expressing the extended form of the 1Dx5 subunit showed the ‘overstrong’ mixing properties exhibited by transgenic lines expressing the wild type 1Dx5 transgene.     

水稻白叶枯病菌单细胞系毒力分化研究

 以稀释倒平板法从0型菌086和IV型菌967-4和9620中分离到59个单细胞系;在12个近等基因系品种上,086和其单细胞系表现为弱毒力,2个IV型菌及其单细胞系能克服抗病基因Xa-1、2、3、8、10、11、14的抗性,不能克服Xa-21、4、5、7、13的抗性;带主效抗病基因的品种Asominori、XM5、M41、XM6和丰锦能把3个母株的59个单细胞系区分为12种数量差异或质量差异的不同致病型;将此5品种与近等基因系配合,适合作为病菌致病基因变异频度监测的寄主;采用"段叶沙培,切口取菌胶"法分离病菌,在中国致病型鉴定品种上划分的致病型,是田间病菌群体毒力结构的表型反应。     

红肉脐橙果肉中主要色素的定性及色素含量的变化

 运用薄层层析法及二极管阵列检测器与高效液相色谱联用的方法, 确定红肉脐橙果肉中含有番茄红素和β- 胡萝卜素两种主要色素, 它们在液相色谱图中占总峰面积(计溶剂峰) 的73. 57 %～77. 78 % , 番茄红素占55. 36 %～58. 49 % , β- 胡萝卜素占18. 21 %～19. 93 %。利用反相高效液相色谱仪以及番茄红素和β- 胡萝卜素标样制作标准曲线, 测定果实发育及室温贮存过程中色素的变化动态, 结果表明, 该脐橙果肉中的番茄红素在成熟期含量最高, 达109. 67μg·g^-1DM, β- 胡萝卜素此时也达到最高值(15. 52μg·g^-1DM) ; 番茄红素的含量在采收后基本呈下降趋势(但采后30 d 有显著升高) , 说明果肉中存在类胡萝卜素采后合成的现象; 贮存4 个月后, 番茄红素含量急剧降低至最高时的1/ 10。