Institutional performance and participatory paradigms: Comparing two groups of watersheds in semi-arid region of India

Watershed development programmes carried out in different agroclimatic conditions in India resulted in beneficial impact in terms of productivity enhancement and natural resources conservation, but less attention paid to institutional and participatory aspects. This paper explored the performance of various institutions regarding execution of watershed development programmes in semi-arid region of India. Recorded observations from documents maintained at watershed level and information collected through primary survey as well as focus group discussion with different types of stakeholders were used for analysis. The results indicated lacunae in participatory aspects during programme implementation process like monitoring activities, management of common property resources and equity. Gap in linkages and differential level of performance of various watershed level functionaries indicates the necessity for corrections in the structures and linkages pattern for sustainability of the infrastructure and institutions. The study also showed unequal priorities by the implementing agencies towards institutions, land and water resources development, production enhancement activities and fodder resources development as well as rationalities of technical, economic, financial, political and social aspects among the watersheds.     

A hundred and more years of plant protection in the Netherlands

At the occasion of the Centenary of the Netherlands Society of Plant Pathology a reflection on past, present and future of plant protection, the subject matter of the Society, was thought to be appropriate.Developments in plant protection are projected against a general stream of thought. Three turning points are distinguished which can be seen as paradigm changes. The first occurred around 1890, when the concept of pathogenitism gained its final victory over autogenitism. The second occurred around 1940, when the public outlook on human and plant health changed drastically due to the advent of chemotherapeutants. The third occurred around 1990 when a clear change in public thinking on agriculture, environment and plant protection became apparent. The background of these changes is sketched in a personal manner.Some ideas on plant protection beyond the year 2000 are given, based upon recent developments in the Netherlands to which the Society contributed in its own way.     

我国新的林业科技范式及其影响

作者应用科恩范式理论讨论了我国林业科技范式。作者认为中国20世纪的林业科技范式的根本特征是林业具有明显的不可持续性发展和生态环境破坏。21世纪新的林业科技范式的核心是林业可持续发展与生态环境建设。新的林业科技范式将对旧的林业不可持续性发展及对生态环境的破坏经营理念、生产方式、生产技术及森林利用方式进行否定,而继承和发扬以往单项先进生产技术和先进经营理念。新的林业科技革命实质就是要创建可持续发展与生态环境质量提高的林业科学技术体系。我国正在形成有中国特色的21世纪新的林业科技革命总体战略思想、战略步骤、主体工程、林业经营理念、目标及其主导技术体系。     

生物圈保护区生态旅游开发模式研究

论述了世界生物圈保护区的产生和发展，分析了我国生物圈保护区发展生态旅游的现状与问题，提出了生态旅游的开发标准。根据宝天曼生物圈保护区旅游开发现状，提出了生物圈保护区在功能分区、开发程序、设施建设、机构设置、社区参与和可持续管理等方面的生态旅游开发模式，并把公众教育设施和环保设施的建设作为生物圈保护区生态旅游开发的重要特征。     

The face of conservation responding to a dynamically changing world

In its 40‐year history, the science of conservation has faced unprecedented challenges in terms of environmental damage and rapid global change, and environmental problems are only increasing as greater demands are placed on limited natural resources. Conservation science has been adapting to keep pace with these changes. Here, we highlight contemporary and emerging trends and innovations in conservation science that we believe represent the most effective responses to biodiversity threats. We focus on specific areas where conservation science has had to adjust its approach to address emerging threats to biodiversity, including habitat destruction and degradation, climate change, declining populations and invasive species. We also document changes in attitudes, norms and practices among conservation scientists. A key component to success is engaging and maintaining public support for conservation, which can be facilitated through the use of technology. These recent trends in conservation and management are innovative and will assist in optimizing conservation strategies, increasing our leverage with the general public and tackling our current environmental challenges.     

预期式时距估计干扰效应的实验研究

采用时间和非时间双重作业的实验范式,以11 s和23 s为目标时距,探讨了干扰项数（1,3或5个无意义音节）和延迟时间（0 s,9 s或27 s）对预期式时距估计的干扰效应.结果表明：在双重作业中,干扰项数没有显著的影响时距估计,延迟时间表现出显著的主效应.干扰项数和延迟时间的交互作用显著,实验结果说明了单一的注意模型、变化/分割模型不能对时距估计的干扰效应做出全面的解释,时间分段综合模型促进了时间认知研究向综合的方向发展.     

利用玉米淀粉工业废弃物生产单细胞蛋白饲料优良菌种的选育

采用自然发酵法,从玉米淀粉生产废液和废渣中分离纯化到6株酵母菌,经鉴定它们分别属于裂殖酵母属(Schizosaccharomyces)、汉逊酵母属(Hansenula)和毕赤酵母属(Pichia)。6株酵母菌都能以玉米淀粉生产废液为营养基质生产菌体蛋白饲料———单细胞蛋白质(single-cell protein)。对各菌种SCP产量的统计分析表明:3个属的酵母菌生产SCP的能力具有显著差异,其中毕赤酵母属生产SCP的能力最强(P>0.05),是生产SCP饲料优良菌种。     

面向开放式创新的中小企业技术竞争情报方法体系研究

[目的/意义]科技型中小企业正在面临严峻的市场考验,可利用技术竞争情报理念与方法工具,使科技型中小企业有效规避技术竞争的潜在风险,发掘并利用潜在技术发展机遇,进而提高其创新能力和竞争实力。[方法/过程]文章基于元分析集成思想提出了一种结合多源数据与复合关系的技术竞争情报分析范式,在此概念框架下,中小企业的技术竞争情报分为3个层次:框架层、业务层与操作层,框架层确立技术竞争情报活动的核心,业务层描述技术竞争情报业务流,操作层体现技术竞争情报分析的关键环节。[结果/结论]此分析范式面向开放式创新的中小企业技术竞争情报方法体系得到了应用,验证了其可用性和有效性。     

养殖户生产规模变化、安全生产行为和绩效研究——基于生鲜乳质量安全视角

2008年"三聚氰胺"事件之后,政府积极推行规模化养殖政策,试图通过转变小规模散养的生产方式来实现生鲜乳质量安全的有效提升。根据结构(Structure)-行为(Conduct)-绩效(Performance)分析范式,本研究结合实地调研数据,对生鲜乳生产结构、养殖户安全生产行为和生产绩效进行分析。结果表明:约55%的养殖户从家庭散养转变为养殖小区;2007—2016年之间,约50%的奶农扩大了奶牛养殖总规模;同时约80%的奶农在2007—2016年缩小了成年母牛养殖规模。大规模养殖户和家庭牧场采纳了更多的质量安全标准措施,生鲜乳质量安全水平更高。奶农的净收益随着养殖规模的不断扩大而增加;家庭牧场比养殖小区和散养户的净收益高。基于此,本研究为政策推进奶牛规模化养殖和转变生产方式提供了实证支撑。     

黄土高塬沟壑区水土流失综合治理范式

 黄土高原是中华农耕文化的发祥地,其主要地貌类型区之一的黄土高塬沟壑区,其农业发展有着比黄土高原其他地区优越的自然条件。但长期以来,由于自然和人为因素的双重作用,该区水土流失十分严重,塬面径流下沟导致沟头不断前进,塬面逐年萎缩。由于沟坡坡度大而导致重力侵蚀异常活跃,侵蚀强度逐渐加强。在特殊的自然环境、人口压力以及经济发展需求的条件下,探索黄土高塬沟壑区水土流失综合治理范式成为水土保持领域科技人员和当地政府急需解决的问题之一。在解析黄土高塬沟壑区自然地理特征、水土流失特点以及社会经济发展需求的基础上,通过对该区现有的水土流失综合治理模式进行梳理,结合范式的概念,提出黄土高塬沟壑区水土流失综合治理范式。