CaO预处理提高玉米秸秆厌氧消化产沼气性能

为探索CaO预处理方法对玉米秸秆厌氧消化产沼气的影响,采用了3种不同质量百分数的CaO分别在3种不同处理时间下对玉米秸秆进行预处理,并在中温条件下进行了厌氧消化试验。试验结果表明,经过CaO预处理后,玉米秸秆的组分被不同程度破坏,厌氧消化产沼气能力有较大提高,厌氧消化时间有所缩短。综合日产气量、累积产气量、厌氧消化时间等各项参数来看,以5%CaO预处理3d的处理效果最佳,与未经预处理的效果相比,累积产气量提高了136.85%,消化时间缩短了5d,总固体（TS）和挥发性固体（VS）去除率分别提高了21.72%和7.18%,综合效果要优于其他处理组,有效地提高了玉米秸秆厌氧消化的产气量和产气效率。     

过氧化钙对苋菜常温活体保鲜效果的影响

向营养液中添加过氧化钙,考察其对苋菜(A maranthus tricolor L.)常温活体保鲜效果的影响.结果表明,与不添加过氧化钙的处理相比,0.025、0.100、0.250 g/L过氧化钙处理均能极显著延长苋菜的货架期,并延缓苋菜含水量、叶绿素、可溶性糖和维生素C含量的降低;其中以0.100 g/L过氧化钙的保鲜效果最佳.     

Changes in soil aeration and soil respiration of simulated grave soils after quicklime application

The decomposition of buried human remains on cemeteries can be delayed in poorly aerated graves due to high water levels and a low permeable pore system for oxygen and water transport. With aim to improve the soil aeration properties in the burial environment, the addition of quicklime (CaO) to the grave backfill was tested. Quicklime is expected to promote a stronger aggregation and stabilization of the backfilled soil mainly by forcing an immediate dehydration and particle cementation processes. Two different grave simulations (without buried corpses) were prepared: (1) mixing the grave backfill with 20 kg m⁻³ quicklime (“CaO”) and (2) backfill without CaO (“NIL”) on a cemetery in Northern Germany. The soil type was a Terric Anthrosol (Stagnic) with a loamy sand texture. Undisturbed soil cores were taken from two depths before and after excavation and backfill at regular intervals of 3 months in order to analyze changes in (1) gaseous transport functions expressed by air‐filled porosity, air permeability (air permeameter), gas diffusivity (double chamber method) and related pore continuity indices as well as in (2) soil respiration (alkali trap method) representing microbial activity. Results clearly demonstrated a more conductive pore system in the CaO variant reflected by higher gas diffusivity and air permeability over 1 year compared to the NIL variant. Pore continuity indices also indicated a more connective pore system for the CaO variant. Effects of CaO application on soil respiration rate differed between the quarterly sampling times. Results indicated that microorganism were still active under alkaline soil conditions induced by CaO application, but the quantitative determination of biologically produced CO₂ is influenced by chemical reactions when hydrated quicklime [Ca(OH)₂] was reformed to limestone under consumption of CO₂. The experiments indicate that the application of quicklime is a promising approach to improve aeration properties of grave soils and is therefore proposed as an adequate method to improve the aeration of burials on cemeteries.     

利用CaO/PAC选择性去除预水解液中木质素

利用CaO结合聚合氯化铝(PAC)来选择性去除预水解液中的木质素。分别探讨了酸化法、碱化法及其结合PAC选择性去除木质素的效果,并分析了PAC选择性去除木质素的机理。结果表明:酸化法pH值为1.5时,木质素去除率最大(杨木15.68%,麦草18.76%);而采用CaO调节pH值为12时,木质素去除率最大(杨木33.33%,麦草30.67%),碱化法去除效果优于酸化法。添加CaO将pH值调至10并使PAC浓度为36 mmol/L时,预水解液中木质素的去除率(杨木50.59%,麦草49.17%)及选择性(杨木86.57%,麦草82.76%)效果最佳。     

根部增氧模式对水稻产量与氮素利用的影响

【目的】根部缺氧是影响水稻生长发育与养分吸收的主要非生物因子之一。为了明确不同增氧模式的作用效果,探明水稻产量和氮素利用效率对根部增氧的响应特征,本试验研究了不同根部增氧模式下水稻生长动态、产量和氮素吸收积累与转运特性。【方法】以深水水稻品种IR45765-3B和水稻品种中浙优1号为材料,试验在顶部用透明塑料膜遮雨的水泥栽培池中进行,试验设施用CaO₂（CaO₂）、微纳气泡水增氧灌溉（MBWI）和干湿交替灌溉（AWD）等三个增氧模式处理及淹水对照（WL）。分别测定了两品种的生长动态、产量和与氮素利用相关的指标。【结果】与淹水对照相比较,根部增氧处理均显著促进IR45765-3B分蘖的发生,增幅为10.7%~33.6%,而中浙优1号茎蘖数仅在CaO₂处理和AWD处理部分调查时期显著高于对照;根部增氧处理显著提高了两品种的干物质积累量,并显著提高两品种水稻产量,增氧处理下IR45765-3B产量较对照分别增加26.3%（CaO₂）、21.8%（MBWI）和10.7%（AWD）,而中浙优1号产量较对照分别增加51.0%（CaO₂）、52.2%（MBWI）和29.68%（AWD）;根部增氧显著增加水稻的氮素吸收与利用,与对照相比较,增氧处理下IR45765-3B和中浙优1号氮肥偏生产力均显著升高;施用CaO₂和MBWI处理水稻氮素转运效率和氮素转运贡献降低,但齐穗期后两品种的氮素吸收量显著增加,齐穗期后IR45765-3B和中浙优1号在CaO₂处理下的氮素吸收量较对照分别增加了73.4%和119.2%,MBWI处理下的氮素吸收量较对照分别增加了128.7%和106.5%。【结论】根部增氧显著促进水稻分蘖发生与成穗,增加水稻干物质积累并显著提高产量;在氮素利用方面,增氧处理下水稻植株对氮素的吸收与积累显著增加,且增氧处理显著促进了水稻对氮素的利用效率;三种增氧模式中CaO₂和MBWI的效果较AWD更明显。     

前处理对玉米秸秆蒸汽爆破效果的影响

为提高纤维乙醇生产过程中秸秆的预处理效果,该文研究了水预浸和CaO前处理对蒸汽爆破和酶解糖化的影响,并利用场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)及傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)对其影响机制进行了分析。结果表明:玉米秸秆经30%水(水料质量比30:100)预浸5d、经2%CaO(CaO与秸秆质量比2:100)处理3d或经30%水和2%CaO协同处理1d后再进行蒸汽爆破均可显著提高蒸汽爆破对木质素的降解,降解率由单独蒸汽爆破的20.6%分别提高到27.8%、35.1%和30.9%。玉米秸秆经3种复合预处理和酶解糖化后总糖浓度分别为3.81、3.59和3.46g/100mL,糖得率分别为42.2%、39.8%和38.3%,比单独蒸汽爆破预处理分别提高了23.7%、16.6%和12.3%。水预浸或CaO复合蒸汽爆破预处理后秸秆结构破坏严重,秸秆相对结晶度由单独蒸汽爆破的42.6%分别提高到47.0%和54.5%。水浸泡或CaO前处理可提高蒸汽爆破预处理效果和后期糖化效果,且所用试剂价格低廉,可以应用推广。     

K~+/CaO催化糠醛与甲基异丁基酮缩合制备生物航空燃料中间体

将K_2CO_3溶于去离子水后,室温下负载到活化后的CaO上,采用"等体积浸渍-焙烧法"制备了负载型固体碱催化剂K~+/CaO,并用XRD和CO_2程序升温脱附(CO_2-TPD)对催化剂进行表征。研究了无溶剂条件下K~+/CaO催化糠醛与甲基异丁基酮缩合制备生物航空燃料中间体——亚糠基甲基异丁基酮(F-MIBK)的反应,考察了催化剂种类、K~+/CaO负载量、反应温度、反应时间及物料比等因素对目标产物收率和选择性的影响。结果表明:糠醛与甲基异丁基酮的缩合反应是在催化剂的强碱性位上进行的,K~+的加入明显提高了CaO的碱性,K_2CO_3负载量为1%时,催化剂K~+/CaO表现出了最优的催化性能;当甲基异丁基酮与糠醛的物质的量比值为2,催化剂用量为物料质量的10%,温度140℃,反应时间3 h时,糠醛的转化率为99.1%,F-MIBK的选择性和收率分别为98.2%,97.1%。     

不同用量的牡钙酸清在油菜施用效果分析与探讨

【目的】探索牡钙酸清土壤调理剂在油菜上不同用量试验效果。【方法】试验共设5个处理，每个处理3次重复，每个小区面积30m2。处理1：不施肥；处理2：配方施肥(CK)；处理3：配方施肥+土壤调理剂(1500kg/hm²)；处理4：配方施肥+土壤调理剂(3000kg/hm²)；处理5：配方施肥+土壤调理剂(4500kg/hm²)。各小区除土壤调理剂施用量不同外，其他施肥及田间管理措施完全相同。【结果】试验结果表明：1.施用该土壤调理剂能一定程度上提高油菜的株高、有效分枝数、有效结荚数及千粒重；2.油菜产量随着该调理剂施用量的增加呈现递增的趋势，当土壤调理剂施用量为4500kg/hm²时油菜产量最高；3.施用该土壤调理剂，能提高土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷等养分含量，以及降低土壤可交换酸度，改善土壤酸化；降低土壤有效态铅含量，当调理剂用量为3000kg/hm²时，土壤有效态铅含量降低幅度最大；其他重金属有效态含量各处理间无明显及规律性变化；【结论】虽然施用土壤调理剂均提高油菜产量，但由于...     

活性Al2O3法与CaO＋KH2PO4法处理高氟饮用水的对比

[目的]选择适宜的高氟饮用水处理方法。[方法]针对相同的高氟饮用水水质，利用活性Al2O3吸附法与CaO＋KH2PO4沉淀法进行对比研究，并对2种除氟方法的除氟效果、处理成本、处理周期和出水量等方面作了对比。[结果]将氟化物浓度为1．75mg／L的高氟水降至1．0mg／L以下，吨水活性Al2O3和CaO＋KH2PO4的投加量分别为20．0kg和2．05kg。确定了CaO／KH2PO4的最佳投药量为0．400／0．625，在该配比下得到的水质结果为：氟质量浓度为0．86mg／L，pH值为7．02，总硬度144mg／L，硫酸盐质量浓度68．5mg／L，氯化物质量浓度为46．2mg／L，达到了饮用水水质标准。活性Al2O3吸附法较CaO＋KH2PO4沉淀法的处理周期短，设备和工程投资少，而CaO＋KH2PO4沉淀法在处理效果、出水量以及能耗方面占优势。[结论]活性Al2O3吸附法适用于原水氟化物超标倍数低，且总硬度偏低的高氟水水质；CaO＋KH2PO4沉淀法适用于原水K^＋和PO4^3-偏低的水质。     

Study on the Dearsenization of Hot Metal Using CaO Basis Fluxes

There is plenty of iron ore with arsenic in China. Because a proven dearsenization technique does not come into existence in now iron making and steel making processes and it is necessary for developing the dearsenization of hot metal technologics. A serial of dearsenization experiments are carried out on electric resistance heated furnace, it's found that arsenic in hot metal can be removed by CaO basis fluxes. X ray qualitative analysis of CaO basis slag after dearsenization revealed that the product of hot metal dearsenization with CaO slag is Ca 3As 2 and the dearsenization reaction is a reducing one. The thermodynamic conditions of dearsenization of hot metal using CaO basis fluxes are that the lower of oxygen fraction pressure of the system and [s] in hot metal, the higher of temperature of the system and basically of the slag, the dearsenization efficiency is better.