Screening of antagonistic Trichoderma strains and their application for controlling stalk rot in maize

Maize is one of the major crops in China, but maize stalk rot occurs nationwide and has become one of the major challenges in maize production in China. In order to find an environment-friendly and feasible technology to control this disease, a Trichoderma-based biocontrol agent was selected. Forty-eight strains with various inhibition activities to Fusarium graminearum, and Fusarium verticillioides were tested. A group of Trichoderma strains(DLY31, SG3403, DLY1303 and GDFS1009) were found to provide an inhibition rate to pathogen growth in vitro of over 70%. These strains also prevented pathogen infection over 65% and promoted the maize seedling growth for the main root in vivo by over 50%. Due to its advantage in antifungal activity against pathogens and promotion activity to maize, Trichoderma asperellum GDSF1009 was selected as the most promising strain of the biocontrol agent in the Trichoderma spectrum. Pot experiments showed that the Trichoderma agent at 2–3 g/pot could achieve the best control of seedling stalk rot and promotion of maize seedling growth. In the field experiments, 8–10 g/hole was able to achieve over 65% control to stalk rot, and yield increased by 2–11%. In the case of natural morbidity, the control efficiency ranged from 27.23 to 48.84%, and the rate of yield increase reached 11.70%, with a dosage of Trichoderma granules at 75 kg ha~(-1). Based on these results, we concluded that the Trichoderma agent is a promising biocontrol approach to stalk rot in maize.     

吡蚜酮在马铃薯中的残留与膳食风险评估

为评价马铃薯中吡蚜酮残留引发的膳食风险。2016年-2018年开展了3年12地规范残留试验,构建吡蚜酮在马铃薯中的残留检测方法,并对我国一般人群进行了膳食风险评估。马铃薯样品使用2%乙酸乙腈提取,C18净化,外标法定量,UPLC-MS/MS检测。在0.01～1 mg/kg添加水平下,吡蚜酮在马铃薯中的平均回收率为75%～85%,相对标准偏差为3%～8%。12地最终残留试验表明,50%吡蚜酮水分散粒剂按有效成分225 g/hm²施药2次,最后1次施药后14、21 d马铃薯中吡蚜酮残留量分别≤0.018 mg/kg和≤0.012 mg/kg。膳食风险评估表明,吡蚜酮的国家估算每日摄入量(NEDI)为1.633 9 mg/kg,风险商(RQ)为86.4%。马铃薯中吡蚜酮残留不会对一般人群健康造成不可接受的风险。     

Disseminated lymphoma with large granular lymphocyte morphology diagnosed in a horse via abdominal fluid and transtracheal wash cytology

A 22‐year‐old Tennessee Walking Horse mare was presented to the Auburn University Large Animal Teaching Hospital with a 3‐day history of lethargy, anorexia, and mild signs of colic. The mare had a several‐month history of weight loss and refractory cough. Physical examination revealed an increased respiratory rate, and crackles and wheezes were heard on thoracic auscultation. Thoracic ultrasonographic examination showed disseminated, minor, bilateral comet tail‐like lesions on the parietal pleural surfaces. Abdominal ultrasonographic examination was unremarkable. Trans‐rectal palpation revealed a firm small colon impaction with concomitant diarrhea. Laboratory data were characterized by a very pronounced acute inflammatory leukogram with severe neutropenia and significant left shift, evidence of hepatocellular damage/necrosis, cholestasis, and possibly mixed metabolic alkalosis and acidosis. On cytologic evaluation of a peritoneal fluid sample, there were many large granular lymphocytes (LGL). Large numbers of LGL were also observed on cytologic examination of a subsequent transtracheal wash. The final cytologic interpretation was disseminated lymphoma with LGL morphology. Due to worsening of the clinical signs and poor prognosis, the mare was euthanized. On necropsy and in histopathologic examination, disseminated lymphoma with LGL morphology was noted in a mesenteric lymph node, lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, and right dorsal colon. Lymphoma with LGL morphology is rarely diagnosed in the horse. This report provides unique cytologic findings of a case of disseminated lymphoma with LGL morphology in a horse, confirmed with histopathologic evaluation.     

复方黄芪金银花颗粒的质量标准研究

建立了控制复方黄芪金银花颗粒的质量标准.采用薄层层析对颗粒中女贞子、金银花、黄芪、枸杞子进行了薄层鉴别以及双光束紫外-可见光分光光度法测定了颗粒中绿原酸的含量.结果显示,薄层鉴别方法专属性强,绿原酸在42.24～84.48μg/mL范围内具有良好的线性关系,标准曲线回归方程为:A=0.0053×C-0.0012(r=0.9999,n=5);样品在24 h内稳定,RSD=0.733%;加样平均回收率为102.094%,RSD=0.499%;该方法精密度高,RSD=0.382%.本质量标准可有效控制复方黄芪金银花颗粒的质量.     

纳米-亚微米级复合材料对褐潮土有机无机复合体含量及各粒级复合体中C、N、P含量与分布的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了纳米-亚微米级复合材料对褐潮土各粒级复合体组成及其中C、N、P含量与分配的影响。结果表明,1)施入纳米-亚微米级复合材料后,褐潮土各粒级复合体的含量较对照发生了改变,F1(2m)和F3(10～50m)粒级含量降低,F2(2～10m)和F4(50～100m)粒级含量增加。2)纳米-亚微米级复合材料可提高土壤及各粒级中C、N、P的含量,而增加幅度因材料而异;蒙脱土纳米-亚微米级复合物高岭土纳米-亚微米级复合物塑料纳米-亚微米级复合物。3)F3(10～50m)粒级中有机碳、全氮、全磷含量较低,但该粒级复合体含量占土壤固相的比重最大,因此该粒径中C、N、P对土壤肥力的贡献较大。4)纳米-亚微米级复合材料使土壤的有机碳、氮、磷在各粒级复合体中分配系数的增加以F2(2～10m)粒级最高,说明各养分进入F2粒级最多,表明该粒级对土壤养分的转化和平衡起着重要的调节作用。     

青光安颗粒剂对自发型青光眼小鼠眼压的影响

目的 研究青光安颗粒剂在青光眼中对眼压的影响。方法 选用不同月龄共30只DBA/2J雌性小鼠,根据月龄采用随机数字表法分为3组,每组10只,20眼。分为正常对照组（3月龄）、模型对照组（9月龄）、青光安组（9月龄）。正常对照组与模型对照组每日以相同量蒸馏水灌胃;青光安组每日以青光安灌胃。3组均以常规饲料喂养。利用经前房注入/抽吸系统进行眼压测量,分别以2.5、5 μL/min的速率继续进行灌注,计算房水流畅系数和房水流出阻力。结果 自6月龄开始,小鼠眼压轻微上升,随着月龄的增加而逐步上升,9月龄时显著升高;青光安颗粒剂灌胃后所得眼压较模型组均有不同程度降低（P<0.05）,房水流畅系数均明显增加（P<0.01）,房水流出阻力均降低（P<0.01）。结论 青光安颗粒剂能通过影响房水动力学因素达到降低青光眼眼压的作用。     

A comparative study of eutrophication evaluationmodels based on SOM neural network and SVM

A SBR inoculated with conventional activated sludge was employed to cultivate aerobic granular sludge.Under the selective pressure of settling time, the formation of nitrifying granules enriched with the ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was achieved by increasing the nitrogen loading rate (NLR).The nitrifying granule was shaped like a sphere or a ellipsoid with an equivalent diameter of approximate 1.1 mm, an average settling velocity of 1.9 cm·s-1and the sludge volume index of 18.2～31.4 mL·g-1.As the aerobic granular system was operated stably, the NLR reached a value of 0.045 5 kgNH4+ N· (kg MLSS·d)-1 with ammonia removal efficiency above 95% and nitrite accumulation ratio in the range of 80%～90%.The NLR was 4.55 times higher than that of the start up period.The enrichment of the nitrifying bacteria was quantified by FISH analysis which indicated that AOB was 14.9% of the total bacteria and nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) was 0.89%.It is concluded that the associated inhibition of FA at the start of the reaction and FNA at the end of the reaction would be the key factors to start up and maintain the stable nitritation.     

Impact of Fusarium oxysporum on the holoparasitic weed Phelipanche ramosa: biocontrol efficacy under field-grown conditions

Under the changing agro-climatic conditions of western Europe, the parasitic weed Phelipanche ramosa infests host crops such as tomato, hemp, tobacco and oilseed rape at an increasing rate. A Fusarium oxysporum isolate (FOG), that had effectively reduced the parasite's incidence under controlled environmental conditions, was tested in different granular formulations (pesta granules, alginate pellets) on P. ramosa parasitising tobacco under field-grown conditions. FOG reduced number and biomass of P. ramosa shoots by between 50% and 70% in three consecutive years (2006–2008). A single pesta application did not show consistent results throughout seasons; 50% reduction of P. ramosa biomass (DM) in the first year could not be repeated in the following years (20–30%). An alginate formulation applied alone performed better. However, a combination of pesta granules with alginate pellets had the highest reliable control efficacy (60–70%) of all treatments in two seasons, compared with the untreated control. Fungal population counts in soil samples did not show a close correlation to biocontrol efficacy. To understand field performance of this biocontrol agent, additional glasshouse and laboratory studies were conducted using soil from the experimental site. The glasshouse study revealed some fungistatic effects of the field soil that partly explain the reduced efficacy (-40%) in the field compared with results obtained under controlled conditions. Results show the potential of FOG for P. ramosa control. Because formulation affected the biocontrol efficacy, it may be worthwhile to test how the delivery system can be changed in order to achieve increased disease development in the field.     

四黄止痢颗粒中几种有效成分的薄层鉴别研究

为建立和完善四黄止痢颗粒的质量标准,本试验采用薄层色谱法对四黄止痢颗粒中的黄连、黄柏、大黄、黄芩、板蓝根进行鉴别,对展开剂、展开温度、展开湿度、薄层板来源、薄层板批号、显色条件等因素进行考察。试验以环己烷－乙酸乙酯－异丙醇－甲醇－水－三乙胺（3∶3.5∶1∶1.5∶0.5∶1）为展开剂,置氨蒸气预饱和的展开缸内展开,置紫外光灯（365 nm）下检视鉴别黄连、黄柏;以乙酸乙酯-丁酮-甲酸-水（5∶3∶1∶1）为展开剂展开,喷以2%三氯化铁乙醇溶液检测黄芩的存在;以正丁醇-冰醋酸-水（19∶5∶5）为展开剂展开,热风吹干后喷以茚三酮试液,在105 ℃加热检视鉴别板蓝根。试验结果表明,在考察条件下,目标物斑点清晰、无拖尾,阴性对照无干扰,方法专属性强,重现性好。