水禽消化生理的研究进展

本文从食糜排空、消化道pH、消化酶以及微生物区系方面对水禽消化生理进行了阐述,并总结出水禽消化生理特性。     

广东水禽源大肠埃希菌耐药性及氨基糖苷类耐药基因研究

为了调查广东地区水禽源大肠埃希菌对氨基糖苷类药物耐药现状和耐药基因的流行情况,探索大肠埃希菌的氨基糖苷类耐药基因型与耐药表型之间的关系,本研究采用琼脂梯度稀释法测定251株广东地区水禽源大肠埃希菌对氨基糖苷类药物的耐药性和采用PCR方法检测耐药基因。药敏试验结果显示,大肠埃希菌对链霉素耐药较严重,鸭源和鹅源的耐药率分别为81.58%和75.43%,对庆大霉素和卡那霉素较敏感,耐药率分别为25%和54.86%,对阿米卡星最为敏感,其中鸭源的菌株耐药率仅为1.32%。PCR方法检测显示,aadA1和aph(3′)-1检出率较高,为84.6%和91.9%,表明携带aadA1和aph(3′)-1耐药基因的水禽源大肠埃希菌在广东地区呈流行趋势。耐药基因型与耐药表型相关性分析结果显示,耐药基因rmtB的携带与4种药物(庆大霉素、阿米卡星、卡那霉素和壮观霉素)耐药株的产生具有显著相关性,表明耐药基因rmtB对大肠埃希菌耐药株的产生起重要的作用。本试验结果可为指导广东地区水禽大肠埃希菌病的临床用药提供理论基础和研究大肠埃希菌的耐药基因提供相关的数据。     

基于孝感市水禽养殖农户发展前景的分析和研究

文章从对湖北孝感市水禽产业调查入手，结合孝感实地调查报告数据，探讨了孝感市水禽养殖农户发展前景的现状与问题，并提出建议。研究结论对促进相关模式的水禽养殖农户的发展具有一定的借鉴意义。     

规则约束下水禽养殖户饲料添加剂使用意愿与行为研究——基于TPB-NAM整合模型

饲料添加剂具有提高动物免疫功能、促进动物健康生长等诸多优势。然而,滥用饲料添加剂已经对动物、人类健康和环境构成了严重的威胁,规范使用饲料添加剂是养殖户亲环境生产行为的重要表现。基于计划行为理论(TPB)和规范激活理论(NAM)的整合框架,利用江西省、湖北省和云南省水禽养殖户微观调查数据,采用结构方程模型,从个体理性和社会理性两个维度,分析在规则约束下水禽养殖户饲料添加剂的使用意愿与行为。结果表明,受访者表现出较高的规范使用饲料添加剂意愿,均值为3.764,但实际行为偏低,均值为3.216。态度、主观规范和感知行为控制均对水禽养殖户规范使用饲料添加剂意愿产生显著正向影响,但影响效应依次减弱;结果意识正向影响责任归属,而责任归属和感知收益共同激活个人规范。意愿与个人规范对水禽养殖户规范使用饲料添加剂行为均具有显著正向影响,且意愿的影响更大,但意愿与行为之间存在悖离现象。据此,提出应采取措施提升水禽养殖户规范使用饲料添加剂的积极态度,强化水禽养殖户在生产过程中所承担的环境责任,营造规范使用饲料添加剂氛围,加大政策支持和补贴力度,加强监管与督察力度等政策建议。     

2013 年广东水禽产业发展形势与对策建议

2012 年,广东水禽养殖仍主要集中在珠三角地区（鸭46.2%、鹅51.5%,略低于2011 年比例）,但呈现出 西迁的趋势,茂名鸭饲养量赶超广州跃居全省第员位。全省采取多种措施积极应对H7N9 流感等事件,但仍未能改变 水禽产品价格下降的趋势。为推动广东水禽业进一步发展,重点做好以下工作;（1）加大政府对水禽业的监控力度和 扶持,建设水禽生产信息体系;（2）探索水禽业补贴机制,推广水禽生产保险、风险基金和收储制度;（3）推广生态养 殖模式,推动水禽养殖向现代生产方式转型升级;（4）改变活禽交易销售模式,加快冷链物流设施建设,鼓励冰鲜禽 肉消费;（5）加强水禽及其关联产业的经济学研究。     

Waterfowl-habitat associations during winter in an urban North Atlantic estuary

Coastal habitats near urban centres in North Atlantic estuaries often support substantial numbers of wintering waterfowl, but little is known of the effects of landscape setting and urbanisation on habitat use. We conducted surveys of waterfowl at 32 wintering sites in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, to identify characteristics that may influence habitat use. Sites were chosen along a gradient of urbanisation and reflected the dominant habitat types used by waterfowl in the Bay. Mean waterfowl abundance was 206.7 ± 209.5 birds per site, and sites in the inner part of the estuary had higher overall waterfowl abundances (r² = 0.40, p = 0.021). Species richness ranged from 3.2 to 13.0 and decreased with increasing hunting activity (r² = 0.36, p = 0.040). Hunting activity and habitat characteristics (e.g., latitude, shoreline configuration, prey density) explained 13-27% of the variation in waterfowl abundance and species richness among sites, but landscape characteristics (e.g., surrounding residential development, vegetated land, or wetland surrounding the sites and the extent of wetland edge) explained an additional 1-26%. The landscape characteristics extent of adjacent residential development and vegetated upland were the most common variables entering into the models; most species were more abundant at sites with more adjacent vegetated upland and less adjacent residential development. Our results suggest that landscape setting may be influencing the distribution of wintering waterfowl, and should be considered when developing strategies for the conservation for these species in urban North Atlantic estuaries.     

环洞庭湖区活禽批发市场和水禽场H6亚型禽流感监测

为了解环洞庭湖区活禽批发市场和水禽场H6亚型禽流感病毒的分布和流行情况,分别于2009—2011年对环洞庭湖地区活禽批发市场、2011—2013年对水禽场的H6亚型禽流感进行了系统监测。对在活禽批发市场上采集的拭子样品先由尿囊腔接种SPF鸡胚,然后用血凝试验(HA)测定所收集的尿囊液,对HA测定有滴度的再进行血凝抑制试验(HI),并与RT–PCT方法相结合鉴定病毒的亚型。检测结果显示:在环洞庭湖区的5个活禽批发市场上都分离到H6亚型禽流感,并且在鸡、鸭、鹅拭子中都分离到该病毒,总的分离率为6.49%;水禽场H6亚型禽流感病毒群体阳性率达3.6%,拭子的H6亚型病毒分离率为0.29%,活禽批发市场鸭拭子H6亚型禽流感病毒分离率为9.58%,表明市场环节水禽H6亚型禽流感的隐性带毒率比养殖环节高,在一定程度上说明禽流感在活禽批发市场存在水平传播的风险。     

中国水禽产业发展的现状和问题及对策

本文以水禽产业现有的信息数据为基础,结合在全国范围的实地调查数据,对我国水禽产业整体发展现状及存在的问题进行研究。结果显示:近年来中国水禽产业发展现状表现以下特征:水禽养殖数量稳中有升,产品产量逐年递增;产业化水平日益提高,产业链由单一的饲养业向加工、物流等产业延伸;水禽产业呈现优势产区集中分布的特征,由资源优势向技术、资本优势转变;水禽产品消费需求趋于饱和边缘,产品结构亟待升级换代以扩展消费需求空间。针对水禽产业发展存在的信息和数据不清,对宏观决策与市场调控带来困难;行业标准和统一规范缺失;产业经营利润分配不均;水禽饲养技术相对落后,水资源环境污染严重等问题,提出了相应的对策。     

The effect of lead poisoning on hematologic and biochemical values in trumpeter swans and Canada geese

BACKGROUND: Lead is a persistent contaminant in the environment, and waterfowl are susceptible to lead toxicity from ingestion of lead pellets and fishing weights. Lead affects numerous physiologic processes through inhibition of enzyme activity and protein function, but its effects on commonly assessed avian blood values are incompletely understood. OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to evaluate hematologic and biochemical changes associated with blood lead concentrations in trumpeter swans and Canada geese. METHODS: Data for CBCs, plasma biochemical profiles (total protein, albumin, glucose, cholesterol, total bilirubin, calcium, phosphorus, gamma-glutamyltransferase [GGT], aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, amylase, and lipase), and whole blood lead concentrations were retrospectively analyzed for 69 trumpeter swans and 52 Canada geese. Laboratory data obtained prospectively from an additional 20 trumpeter swans also were included. RBC morphology was semiquantitated in blood smears from 70 of the birds. Data were analyzed initially by ANOVA and covariance. A statistical model then was constructed to determine the relationship between each parameter and lead concentration. RESULTS: In both avian species, PCV, hemoglobin concentration, and MCHC decreased significantly (P < .05) with increasing blood lead concentration. Uric acid concentration and GGT activity were increased in trumpeter swans and phosphorus concentration was decreased in Canada geese in association with high blood lead concentration (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Lead toxicosis induced significant changes in the values of commonly measured hematologic parameters in waterfowl. These changes may be useful indicators of severe lead intoxication during routine laboratory assessment. Changes in clinical chemistry values, although statistically significant, were too inconsistent to serve as indicators of lead toxicosis.