Aerial drone technology can assist compliance of trap fisheries

Illegal fishing is a global issue that threatens the viability of fishing industries and biodiversity conservation. Management agencies typically use on‐ground surveillance to monitor and minimise illegal fishing practices, the efficacy of which may be enhanced by integrating emerging remote sensing technology. Affordable drones may contribute to cost‐effective detection of illegal fishing activity and associated gear, although their application has yet to be evaluated in many types of fisheries. Here, the utility of drones for the detection of crab traps and floats set in a shallow estuary was quantitatively tested, and the effects of survey altitudes, cameras and monitor screens on detection rates were determined. It was found that drone flight altitude and float colour influenced the detection rates of common crab trap floats, with infrared cameras improving the detection of floats camouflaged by black paint. However, the type of monitor screen used by the drone operator had no influence on the detection of crab traps. Overall, it appears drones can contribute to cost‐effective compliance in estuarine trap fisheries, and the approach can contribute to evidence‐based standard operating procedures.     

对一起销售含违禁药品生猪产品案的查处

目前,我国生猪产品生产与销售等环节的长效监管机制仍处于探索阶段。本案阐述了一起由江西省赣州市畜牧兽医局查处的销售含有违禁药品生猪产品的违法行为,论述了该案的标的检测、调查取证、依法听证、行政处罚等执法过程,并对相关问题进行了思考与探讨。     

Differential response to disturbance factors for the population of sympatric crocodilians (Gavialis gangeticus and Crocodylus palustris) in Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary,India

1. Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary along the Indo‐Nepal border in India harbours a well‐known breeding gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) population in its global distribution range together with a substantial population of breeding muggers (Crocodylus palustris). However, no systematic information on size and structure is available for either of the species' populations in the protected area.
2. This study was undertaken in winter and the ensuing summer of 2010–2011 to estimate the relative population density and structure of the two crocodilian species and to examine the effect of various disturbance factors, with the main focus on the effects of tourism and illegal fishing on the behavioural attributes of the two species.
3. Five daytime surveys were conducted from December 2010 to April 2011. Relative density based on encounter rate (number per 20 km) was highest for gharial juveniles followed by gharial adults and gharial sub‐adults in all the five surveys. Muggers, on the other hand, showed the opposite trend, with the lowest encounter rate being for juveniles, followed by sub‐adults and adults. The encounter rate of both species declined with increase in the mean ambient temperature from December to April.
4. The river habitat was divided into 2 km segments and disturbance factors were recorded at intervals of 100 m on both river banks. Wariness was taken as an indicator of response to disturbance caused by human beings and was measured from mechanized boats used for tourism and non‐mechanized boats used for illegal fishing.
5. Segments with sandbars, in spite of moderate to high disturbance rate, were preferred for basking by both species. In conclusion, with suitable habitat for basking, gharials and muggers were observed to tolerate moderate levels of disturbance. Wariness resulting from disturbances from the non‐mechanized boats was higher than that from the mechanized boats. Gharials tend to avoid humans, possibly with age/size acquired experience and knowledge, whereas muggers become more tolerant to human presence with increased age/size.
6. Despite many disturbance factors, the crocodilian population in Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary is doing relatively well compared with populations in other habitats in India. With the involvement of local stakeholders and strict implementation of forest laws, the habitat can be further improved and a healthy gharial population can be ensured.

     

我国野生动物非法贸易协同治理问题分析

野生动物是地球上所有生命和自然生态体系的重要组成部分,其生存状况同人类可持续发展息息相关。当前无序的利用致使野生动物非法贸易已成为世界第3大犯罪,严重影响到生物多样性、生态系统服务功能、全球社会秩序和公共安全以及野生动物福利。国内外打击野生动物非法贸易已逐步形成了以更新野生动物保护理念、完善法律制度、建立执法网络等为主体的惩治体系,但仍然存在目标不一致、权责不明确、信息共享弱、社会参与度低等协同治理的内生困境。文中介绍野生动物非法贸易现状及其危害,梳理国内外野生动物非法贸易惩治举措,分析野生动物非法贸易协同治理面临的困境,基于协同治理理论提出了统一价值理念、完善法律法规、形成治理合力、鼓励社会参与和加强国际合作等建议。     

掺假芝麻香油的快速定量检测

院目前,芝麻香油掺假的现象日趋严重,亟需建立一种能适用于现场测定的快速检验方法。本文选取了浓硫酸显色法、蔗糖盐酸显色法及糠醛显色法三种方法进行对比。结果发现,浓硫酸显色法不需要任何特殊试剂和设备,快速可行,但准确度不高;蔗糖盐酸显色法准确度有所提高,但由于显色反应颜色不稳定,使得该方法仍具有一定的局限性;糠醛显色法可操作性强,准确度高。具体应用中,根据实际需求选择适宜的检测方法。     

对兽药违法案件中货值金额计算的思考

选取货值金额计算有争议的兽药违法典型案例,对货值金额计算的价格及数量确定依据条例条款分析审议,提出货值金额按标价计算等价格确定方法、已售数量争议的界定方法等数值确定方案的建议,以期为兽药规范执法提供参考。     

规范农机补贴审计管理的措施研究

为杜绝虚假购机、违规套现等不法行为,根据辽宁省农机购置补贴的实施情况,依据农机购置补贴操作流程,从管理审计的角度深入剖析规范农机补贴审计管理的措施,为规范农机补贴工作提供参考建议。     

高光谱图像技术在掺假大米检测中的应用

为了有效判别出优质大米中是否掺入劣质大米,该文研究了一种针对大米掺假问题的快速、无损检测方法。从市场上购买了东北长粒香大米和江苏溧水大米,按纯东北长粒香大米、3∶1、2∶2、1∶3和纯江苏溧水大米共5个掺合水平进行大米试验样本的制备。利用可见-近红外高光谱图像采集系统(390~1050 nm)获取了200个大米样本的高光谱图像。采用ENVI软件确定高光谱图像的感兴趣区域(region of interest,ROI),并提取出所有样本在ROI内的平均高光谱数据。采用支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)建立全光谱波段下的大米掺假判别模型,径向基(radial basis function,RBF)核函数模型交叉验证准确率为93%、预测集正确率为98%。由于高光谱信息量大、冗余性强且受噪声的影响较大,该文采用主成分分析方法(principal component analysis,PCA)分别对大米高光谱图像和高光谱数据进行处理,从特征选择和特征提取2个角度对原始高光谱数据进行处理,通过主成分权重系数图选择了531.1、702.7、714.3、724.7、888.2和930.6 nm 6个特征波长,通过留一交叉验证法(leave-one-out cross-validation,LOOCV)确定并提取出PCA降维后的最优主成分数(number of principal component,PCs)为9。最后分别将优选出的特征波长和提取出的最优主成分数作为模型的输入,建立SVM模型。试验结果表明,基于特征波长SVM模型的交叉验证准确率为95%、预测集正确率为96%,基于最优主成分数SVM模型的交叉验证准确率为94%、预测集正确率为98%。该研究结果表明,该文建立的基于特征波长和基于最优主成分数的SVM模型均具有较优的预测性能,且利用高光谱图像技术对大米掺假问题进行检测是可行的。     

基于脂肪酸组成特征的沙丁鱼油掺伪检测

为了解决鱼油原料市场日益突出的掺伪问题,本研究采用气相色谱法测定沙丁鱼及5种可能掺伪海水鱼的鱼油脂肪酸组成,并运用主成分分析（PCA）探究鱼油中各脂肪酸的变化规律,筛选出可能掺伪的海水鱼鱼油;运用偏最小二乘判别分析（PLS-DA）和多元逐步线性回归分析建立沙丁鱼油的掺伪鉴别模型。结果表明,5种鱼油与沙丁鱼油的脂肪酸组成有不同程度的差异,其中鳀鱼油与沙丁鱼油脂肪酸组成最为接近。PCA分析的总贡献率为89.8%,说明分析结果具有良好的代表性,鳀鱼油可以拟作沙丁鱼的掺伪油。PLS-DA分析认为沙丁鱼掺伪油的6种特征脂肪酸分别是二十碳五烯酸（EPA）、二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、二十二碳烯酸和油酸。沙丁鱼油掺伪鉴别模型所得相关系数（R2）分别为0.927、0.963、0.987、0.991,各模型平均误差分别为2.20%、1.38%、1.19%、0.83%,表明模型准确性较好。因此,该模型可实现鳀鱼油掺伪沙丁鱼油的定量识别,在鉴别沙丁鱼油掺伪上具有一定的可行性。     

UHPLC-Q/TOF MS结合HPLC-DAD定性和定量分析硫酸黏菌素可溶性粉中的未知添加物

定性和定量分析一批兽药硫酸黏菌素可溶性粉中的未知添加物。照《中国兽药典》2010年版一部对该批检品用微生物检定法进行含量测定时,发现该样品的抑菌圈为虚圈,用薄层色谱鉴别该样品,未显示与标准品溶液一致的主斑点,怀疑该样品中有处方外非法添加物。采用超高效液相色谱-四级杆-飞行时间质谱(UHPLC-Q/TOF MS)对该样品进行筛查,发现疑似添加物,并使用液相色谱-二极管阵列检测(HPLC-DAD)法进行了双重确证和含量测定。该样品中非法添加物确证为磺胺氯达嗪和甲氧苄啶,添加量分别为58.5 mg/g和13.4 mg/g。本研究通过建立筛查方法为监管部门提供技术支撑,通过分析非法添加物的可能原因为打击兽药处方外非法添加提供了思路。