浅析我国南方冬闲田种植一年生黑麦草的应用研究

针对我国南方地区冬闲田数量多、利用率低的现象,充分利用冬闲田种草养畜,不仅可以解决牲畜季节性青绿粗饲料缺乏问题,还能促进农民增收和农业可持续发展。一年生黑麦草由于适生范围广,鲜草产量高,营养丰富且柔嫩多汁,适口性好,家畜家禽喜欢采食,深受农户青睐,成为一种极具发展前途的越年生优质牧草,近年来在畜牧业生产中得到广泛应用。本文从一年生黑麦草生物性状、营养特性、冬闲田的丰产栽培技术、青贮技术以及在各类畜禽的饲喂研究角度进行综述,并指出今后的研究重点和方向。旨在为一年生黑麦草在畜牧业中的进一步推广应用提供参考。     

人参皂苷和多糖对肺肠功能影响研究进展

消化和呼吸功能是畜牧养殖过程中面临的两大问题,其会严重影响畜牧业经济效益。作为人参主要功能性成分,人参总皂苷和人参多糖在肺肠功能调节方面具有较好效果。本文总结了近年来人参总皂苷和人参多糖对肺肠功能调节的研究情况,以期为其在畜牧生产应用方面提供参考。     

基于现代学徒制的畜牧兽医人才工匠精神培育研究

现代学徒制背景下培育学生工匠精神,是高职院校培养符合企业需求高水平高素质技术技能型人才的重要方法。文章从现代学徒制背景下工匠精神内涵、工匠精神价值及培育工匠精神的路径等方面,探究现代学徒制视域下畜牧兽医专业群学生工匠精神培育的重要性。     

畜牧养殖污染现状及综合治理对策

畜牧养殖业污染问题是畜牧养殖生产过程中的常见问题,对于养殖业也有一定的影响,直接影响畜牧产品质量及动物疫病防治工作。该文针对畜牧养殖业污染现状进行分析研究,阐述畜牧养殖污染问题现状,并综合新疆地区的畜牧养殖业发展状态,提出畜牧养殖污染问题综合治理的有效对策。     

山西省畜禽粪污土地承载力及粪尿替代化肥潜力分析

为明确山西省畜牧业的发展规模,优化畜牧业发展的空间格局,进一步为山西省农牧业实现绿色发展提供科学依据。研究基于农牧生产系统养分平衡的方法,测算了山西省县域尺度的畜禽粪污土地承载力。结果表明,山西省的种植业与畜牧业发展规模在空间上存在一定的错位,种植业发达的地区主要分布在省域南部和中部的区县,而畜牧业发达的地区则分布在省域北部、中部和东南部的区县;山西省当前的畜牧业发展规模折合为2 371.77万猪当量,以粪尿氮作为约束指标,山西畜牧业可发展规模为5 976.01万猪当量;以粪尿磷(纯磷,下同)作为约束指标,山西畜牧业可发展规模为7 212.27万猪当量。综合粪尿氮磷承载力指数结果分析,超载区域主要分布在省域北部种植业欠发达的区县和省城太原周边的区县;全省粪尿氮、磷的有效供给量分别为18.28万t和3.15万t,可以分别有效替代氮、磷肥39.79%和33.21%。无论以粪尿氮或磷作为约束指标,山西畜牧业整体上仍有较大的发展空间,可适度增加畜禽养殖规模,但需要关注城市近郊区县的畜禽粪尿氮磷的环境排放和大中型养殖企业的点源污染问题。在畜禽粪尿养分资源管理策略上,则应考虑优化农牧业生产布局和区域间协同管理。     

Embryo-mediated genome editing for accelerated genetic improvement of livestock

Selecting beneficial DNA variants is the main goal of animal breeding. However, this process is inherently inefficient because each animal only carries a fraction of all desirable variants. Genome editing technology with its ability to directly introduce beneficial sequence variants offers new opportunities to modernize animal breeding by overcoming this biological limitation and accelerating genetic gains. To realize rapid genetic gain, precise edits need to be introduced into genomically-selected embryos, which minimizes the genetic lag. However, embryo-mediated precision editing by homology-directed repair (HDR) mechanisms is currently an inefficient process that often produces mosaic embryos and greatly limits the numbers of available edited embryos. This review provides a summary of genome editing in bovine embryos and proposes an embryo-mediated accelerated breeding scheme that overcomes the present efficiency limitations of HDR editing in bovine embryos. It integrates embryo-based genomic selection with precise multi-editing and uses embryonic cloning with elite edited blastomeres or embryonic pluripotent stem cells to resolve mosaicism, enable multiplex editing and multiply rare elite genotypes. Such a breeding strategy would enable a more targeted, accelerated approach for livestock improvement that allows stacking of beneficial variants, even including novel traits from outside the breeding population, in the most recent elite genetic background, essentially within a single generation.     

蜡蝉科(半翅目：头喙亚目)昆虫起源及分布格局研究

【目的】探究蜡蝉科及其各亚科的分布格局与起源。【方法】根据世界动物地理分区,以搜集到的标本和权威文献记录为依据,建立蜡蝉科物种及地理分布数据库,采用Arc-GIS软件的地理信息处理功能对地理分布数据库进行运算,得到蜡蝉科物种地理分布图,用区系相似系数分析区域间物种的相似性。【结果】(1)蜡蝉科在新热带区分布的种类最多,达290种,其次是东洋区、非洲区和澳洲区,在新北区和古北区较少;(2)新热带区分布的属和特有属最多,非洲区次之,东洋区的特有属比例小于前2个大区,澳洲区分布属较少,但特有属比例很高,古北区分布的特有属明显较少,新北区无特有属分布;(3)新北区和新热带区蜡蝉科物种的相似系数为4.38,古北区与东洋区的相似系数为2.29,其他各区之间的相似系数都较低。蜡蝉科中Lyncidinae、Phenacinae、Poiocerinae和Strongylodematinae 4个亚科均起源于新世界;Aphaeninae、Xosopharinae和Zanninae 3个亚科起源于旧世界;Amyclinae、Dichopterinae、Enchophorinae和Fulgorinae 4个亚科可能分别起源于新世界和旧世界。【结论】各大区间蜡蝉科种类相似性系数高低与该科的地质演化历史密切相关。蜡蝉科可能起源于新世界和旧世界,起源时间可能在白垩纪早期,距今约135 Ma。     

Evaluation of Agave lechuguilla by‐product crude extract as a feed additive for juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Agave lechuguilla is a succulent plant species, mainly distributed in the northeast of Mexico and south of the United States of America. The main use for this plant is the fibre´s extraction (known as Tampico fibres), resulting in 15% of fibres and 85% of a by‐product waste named guishe. The lechuguilla collectors, normally incinerate the guishe, thus causing environmental contamination. Interestingly, recent studies showed that guishe contains molecules with nutritional properties, such as saponins, flavonoids and sugars. Therefore, in this work, we evaluated the effect of the crude extract of guishe as a feed additive in whiteleg shrimp diets. According to that, MS‐HPLC analysis of the extract showed the presence of saponins such as diosgenin, smilagenin, hecogenin, manogenin, tigogenin hexose, yucagenin, chlorogenin, diosgenin diglucoside and the flavonol, quercetin. After chemical analysis, the crude extract was included into an experimental diet in four levels; 0% (L0%), 0.1% (L0.1%), 0.3% (L0.3%) and 0.6% (L0.6%). Dietary incorporation of the extract was evaluated by zootechnical performance, haemolymph biochemistry, histomorphology and digestive enzyme activity of shrimps. After 5‐week feeding, the L0.3% diet showed significantly higher growth and better feed utilization among treatments. A significant increase in tubule epithelium height and tubule coverage area from hepatopancreas in shrimp under L0.3% diet compared with the control diet suggest an improvement of the health and nutritional status of the shrimp. Inclusion of L0.3% and L0.6% of the crude extract resulted in a reduction in amylase activity, without effect in glucose levels in the haemolymph. Thus, we suggest that lechuguilla guishe crude extract contains nutritional molecules that may be used as a feed additive to promote shrimp productivity.     

青蒿素及其衍生物在动物生产中的应用研究

青蒿素是一种倍半萜内酯类化合物,其特殊的过氧基团结构使其具有抗疟疾、抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化、抗寄生虫、免疫调节、缓解热应激、促进生长等作用。青蒿素及其衍生物应用于动物生产中可以替代抗生素,具有广阔的应用前景。文章对青蒿素及其衍生物的生理功能、主要提取方式及在动物生产中的应用进行论述。     

规模化畜牧养殖对生态环境的破坏及防治

近年,畜牧养殖业蓬勃发展,过去的区域化散养已经基本不存在,养殖结构逐渐向集约化、一体化、规模化过渡,养殖规模也逐渐增大。养殖副产品肉、蛋、奶等极大满足了人们的生产生活,养殖中产生的尿液、粪污对生态环境造成极大影响。为促进规模化养殖实现绿色健康发展,该文分析规模化畜牧养殖对生态环境的破坏及防治措施。