对三农问题和农村城市化问题的若干思考

中国是一个农业大国，农业经济状况在很大程度上决定了整体经济的发展态势。对中国当前农业发展现状中的主要问题进行分析，认为只有积极进行城市化建设才能解决中国农业发展的根本问题，同时，就中国城市化的路径选择与城市化发展的中短期目标提出自己的看法。     

Salinity, drainage and selenium problems in the Western San Joaquin Valley of California

Highly productive, irrigated agriculturecan be found in California's Central Valleymade up of the Sacramento, San Joaquin, andTulare Lake basins. High water tablesthroughout much of the San Joaquin andTulare Lake portions of the Valley threatenthis highly productive region. Due totopographic and environmental constraintsmuch of the region is currently withoutdrainage. In 1990 State and Federalgovernment agencies combined to produce areport that outlined possible steps to dealwith the drainage issue. These stepsincluded: 1) Source control (practices toreduce the amount of drainage water); 2)Drainage reuse; 3) Evaporation systems; 4)Land retirement (cease irrigation); 5)Groundwater management; and 6) Discharge tothe San Joaquin River. General backgroundinformation to the history and hydrology ofthe Valley as well as a discussion of thefeasibility and constraints of providingdrainage by discharging drain water to theSan Joaquin River are presented. Inaddition a general discussion of thetechnical and political limitations ofproviding drainage in the River arediscussed.     

中草药饲料添加剂“三黄散”对AA肉鸡生产性能的影响

为评定中草药饲料添加剂"三黄散"对AA肉鸡生产性能的影响,本研究选用1日龄AA肉鸡300只,随机分成2组,每组设3个重复,每重复50只。第一组为对照组,基础日粮+50 mg/kg土霉素;第二组为试验组,基础日粮+1%中草药饲料添加剂"三黄散"。饲养期为49 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,试验组日增重效果差异不显著(P>0.05),饲料转化率差异不显著(P>0.05),成活率提高1.20%,差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

黄连解毒散超微细粉中黄芩苷在家兔体内的药代动力学研究

采用高效液相色谱法测定灌胃给予黄连解毒散超微细粉和细粉的家兔血浆中黄芩苷的浓度,血药浓度-时间数据经药代动力学分析软件(Pharmaceutical Kinetics Software,PKS)处理,比较黄连解毒散超微细粉和普通细粉中黄芩苷在家兔体内的药代动力学参数。结果如下:黄连解毒散超微细粉组、普通细粉组黄芩苷的药代动力学最佳模型均为二室开放模型。黄连解毒散超微细粉主要药动学参数:Ka=0.497 h-1,t1/2α=2.556 h,t1/2β=8.46 h,AUC0→∞=3.401μg.h/mL,Vd=6.752 L/kg,Tpeak=3.005 h,Cmax=0.311μg/mL;黄连解毒散普通细粉主要药动学参数:Ka=0.419 h-1,t1/2α=2.74 h,t1/2β=5.83 h,AUC0→∞=2.611μg.h/mL,Vd=12.890 L/kg,Tpeak=3.645 h,Cmax=0.215μg/mL。与细粉比较,黄连解毒散超微细粉中黄芩苷的相对生物利用度提高了30.26%。上述结果表明,黄连解毒散经超微粉碎后吸收相增大,可显著提高其有效成分黄芩苷的生物利用度。     

中药"增免散"对肉鸡免疫器官及生长发育的影响

1日龄艾维茵肉鸡健雏200只随机分4组，“增免散”按饲料量0．5％、1％、1．5％分别添加到Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组，对照组为Ⅳ组。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组从第7天开始投药，各组于第7、21天用LaSota活苗免疫，然后于第7、14、28、49天测定血液中HI抗体水平，并检测“增免散”对免疫器官和生长发育的影响。结果表明，中药“增免散”按1％、1．5％添加能显著提高Lasota活苗接种雏鸡的HI抗体水平，延长其持续时间，能促进雏鸡免疫器官的生长发育，并能促进肉鸡的生长发育，提高饲料转化率。     

Effects of Shengmai San on oxidative damage in mentally stressed mice

AIM: To investigate the preventive effects of Shengmai San (SMS) on oxidative damage in mentally stressed mice.METHODS: An oxidative stress mouse model was established by moustache-removed. Protein carbonyl and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) formation were determined as the oxidative stress markers.RESULTS: (1)Moustache-cut was founded to significantly enhance the behavioral movements of mice, especially large movements (movement 2 and rearing). SMS pre-administration inhibited the accelerated movements. (2) Protein carbonyl was increased in brain, heart, liver and kidney. TBARS in liver and heart increased in the moustache-cut mice, but SMS pretreatment inhibited the increased protein carbonyl and TBARS.CONCLUSION: SMS has the preventive effects on oxidative damage induced by emotional stress.     

Ⅰ-72杨人工林的投入产出及经济成熟龄

本文讨论了山东省沂南县沂河林场不同密度Ⅰ-72杨人工林的投入产出及经济成熟龄。投入分为一次性投入和每年投入。一次性的总投入量为2 33 1.00元/ha,其中整地占84％;平均年投入为253.21元/ha·a,其中追肥占74％。文中还计算了长期占用资金的复利。对各密度的年投入量、年生长量、年产值、年均净产值及其年动态进行了研究,同时做了林木的年均生长量和年均净产值数学模拟。杨树人工林在造林后第三年才能获得利润。数量成熟龄为6～10年,年均最高生长量可达25.252 1 m~3/ha·a。经济成熟龄为6～7年,年均最高净产值可达6 110.52元/ha·a。杨树人工林的数量成熟龄与经济成熟龄主要受密度及投入成本的影响。     

RP-HPLC测定木槟硝黄散中木香烃内酯、去氢木香内酯的含量

建立了RP-HPLC法测定木槟硝黄散中木香烃内酯与去氢木香内酯含量的方法。用十八烷基键合硅胶柱分离木槟硝黄散中木香烃内酯与去氢木香内酯,以甲醇-水(60∶40)为流动相,检测波长225 nm。木槟硝黄散中木香烃内酯与去氢木香内酯的线性范围分别为4.14~41.4μg/m L和3.59~35.9μg/m L,平均回收率分别为99.23%、99.00%(n=6)。该方法简便、快速,可用于木槟硝黄散中木香烃内酯与去氢木香内酯的含量测定。     

扶正解毒散及其超微粉体外抗鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒药效比较

采用鸡胚法和细胞法2种体外抗病毒试验比较扶正解毒超微粉(FZSM)和扶正解毒散(FZ)的抗鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)效果。鸡胚法:在FZSM和FZ 2种煎煮液对鸡胚安全浓度范围内分别选取3个浓度,采用先加煎煮液后接种病毒和先接种病毒后加煎煮液2种方式,接种10日龄SPF鸡胚,测定2种煎煮液对IBDV ELD50的影响。细胞法:在FZSM和FZ 2种煎煮液对鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)安全浓度范围内分别选取3个浓度,采用先加煎煮液后接种病毒和先接种病毒后加煎煮液2种方式,加入到长成单层的CEF中继续培养,观察并统计各孔的细胞病变(CPE)。结果显示,FZSM和FZ 2种煎煮液均可以降低IBDV的病毒滴度和CPE抑制率,高浓度效果优于低浓度;同浓度FZSM效果优于FZ;预防作用效果优于治疗作用效果。结果表明FZSM和FZ均具有体外抗IBDV的作用,且FZSM效果优于FZ。     

黄连解毒散固体分散制剂的药效学研究

为了对黄连解毒散固体分散制剂进行药效学研究,采用致病性大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为试验菌株考察黄连解毒散固体分散制剂的体外抑菌效果,以仔猪为实验动物考察其临床药效。结果显示：黄连解毒散固体分散制剂的体外抑菌效果是普通散剂的2倍,临床治疗效果比普通散剂提高了30％。黄连解毒散固体分散制剂显著提高了黄连解毒散对猪大肠杆菌病的疗效。