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1.
Fungal propagules existing in the natural environment can easily be transmitted to the human body, mostly by inhalation of contaminated air or direct contact onto the skin, nails, and mucosa. Fungal infections in humans are, as compared to viral and bacterial infections, rarely serious (life-threatening) unless the immune system is weakened. Because azole fungicides (demethylation inhibitors, DMIs) are among the most important antifungal compounds used broadly in human and animal medicine as well as in agriculture and material protection, fungal propagules may come into contact with azoles almost everywhere, presenting a potential “crossover-use-pattern” and “cross-contamination-risk” for resistant propagules in all areas. A “hot-spot” in terms of the emergence of azole resistance in a fungal species is defined as a habitat in which the species is actively propagating and exposed to a fungicidally effective azole at available concentrations high enough to select for resistant individuals, potentially multiplying and spreading to other habitats. Intrinsic antifungal resistance may exist in less sensitive or insensitive species independent of previous exposure to antifungal compounds, whereas acquired antifungal resistance can evolve if triggered by the exposure of an originally sensitive species (or population) to agricultural or medical antifungal agents, resulting in the selection of resistant individuals. The origin and risks of these developments in medical settings and the wider environment are elucidated for the most relevant life-threatening fungal human pathogens, including several species of Cryptococcus, Candida, Pneumocystis, Aspergillus, Histoplasma, Coccidioides, Rhizopus, Mucor, Fusarium, and Scedosporium.  相似文献   
2.
What occurs when virus infection is spreading within a mixed plant species population? This question is important not only for economically significant, mixed species managed systems but also for environmentally significant mixed wild species populations. It received attention in recently published ecological studies on wild plant species, but these, and recent general pasture research publications, rarely mention earlier virus studies involving mixed species managed pasture. This review seeks to rectify that situation. It describes 10 diverse examples of past research on mixed species managed pasture done over two decades on three continents that demonstrated plant species balance changes arising from virus infection. These examples showed that plants belonging to susceptible pasture cultivars sensitive to systemic virus infection are sufficiently weakened that their ability to withstand competition from nonhost plants of other pasture species, or weed species, was diminished sufficiently to alter the plant species balance. Also, a similar alteration occurred when they were competing with virus-resistant or virus-tolerant host plants of the same or other pasture species, or a virus-resistant weed species. Such competition also diminished seed production, which decreased their ability to regenerate. Notably, as reported subsequently with wild plant species populations, when two different pasture species infected by the same virus compete with each other, growth of the more sensitive species is suppressed. Because managed mixed species pastures constitute an important component of regenerative agriculture, retaining an optimal balance of pasture species and delaying pasture decline from weed invasion both require effective management of virus diseases.  相似文献   
3.
Aged plants are more difficult to infect than young plantlets. This modification of susceptibility is described as mature plant resistance (MPR). For potato virus Y (PVY), MPR is known to lead to low infection rates of plants inoculated at the postflowering stage and a decrease in the number of infected daughter tubers. However, the impact of inoculation date on the capacity of PVY to accumulate in daughter tubers has not been studied so far. Field and greenhouse experiments were carried out to better understand PVY epidemiology and to help potato growers to evaluate consequences of early/late infections on the quality of their crops. In field trials, potato plants (cv. Bintje) were covered by insectproof nets from planting to harvest except for a 14-day period to expose plants to natural PVY infections. Under controlled conditions, potato plants were mechanically inoculated with PVY at different dates from preflowering stages (early inoculations) to postflowering stage (late inoculations). At harvest, daughter tubers were individually collected and analysed to define proportions and viral load of infected tubers according to the time between virus inoculation and harvest. Our results showed that although the age of plants at the time of inoculation can modify their susceptibility to PVY infection, in return, early and late PVY inoculations lead to similar rates of infected tubers at the plant scale and equivalent viral accumulation in infected tubers. All together, these data revealed that both early/late infections are high risks for the sanitary quality of potato tubers.  相似文献   
4.
针对植保无人机施药准确性和作业效率需求的提高,验证网络实时动态(Real-Time Kinematic,RTK)载波差分技术在无人机施药上的可行性,设计了一种基于网络RTK的离心式变量施药系统。采用STM32F103为控制核心,通过串口获取GPS定位信息,并连接DTU模块实现网络RTK技术,通过脉冲宽度调制(Pulse Width Modulation,PWM)技术调节占空比的大小,从而调节离心喷头的转速以及蠕动泵的流量。系统在工作时,通过农情信息完成处方图构建,通过高精度GPS模块获取经纬度信息,在施药过程中系统实时检索无人机所在位置,调出处方决策信息,按照处方信息调节离心喷头和蠕动泵的输出比例,从而控制无人机的施药粒径大小和施药量大小,并将作业数据上传至监控平台。通过试验表明系统能正确执行变量施药任务;在使用离心喷头进行变量施药任务时,受到系统稳定性和离心喷头特性的影响,在处方交界区域会存在一个不稳定区域;离心喷头在较高转速下进行变化时,在处方交界区域粒径大小的变化越平滑。该结果满足预期试验设计,可为植保无人机变量施药技术改良提供基础与参考。  相似文献   
5.
双轴旋耕碎土试验台设计与分层耕作试验   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
针对现有耕作试验台难以满足双轴耕作部件测试的需求、室内测试重塑土难以反映作业现场真实环境的问题,设计了一种集前轴正转抛土、后轴反转碎土功能于一体的双轴旋耕碎土田间移动式试验台,可实现前后刀轴相对位置及转速比的实时调整。阐述了整机工作原理,分析了前后刀轴相对位置的调节范围、碎土刀轴位置调节机构结构参数、旋耕刀轴调速装置的运动参数,计算并选型了碎土刀轴调速系统、功耗测试系统中液压及电气元件。为提高分层耕作质量同时降低作业能耗,以前期研究的双轴起垄机的双轴旋耕碎土关键部件为研究对象,开展了分层旋碎的田间试验,并采用中心组合试验设计方法,以两轴水平间距、垂直间距、碎土刀轴转速为影响因素,以双刀辊作业平均功耗、表层5 cm土层的碎土率为评价指标进行响应曲面分析。利用Design-Expert软件进行数据分析,建立各因素和平均功耗、碎土率之间的回归模型,分析各因素对平均功耗、碎土率的显著性,同时对影响因素进行了综合优化。试验结果表明:各因素对平均功耗影响由大到小依次为水平间距、碎土刀轴转速、垂直间距;各因素对碎土率影响由大到小依次为水平间距、垂直间距、碎土刀轴转速;最优工作参数组合为水平间距为570mm、垂直间距为96mm、碎土刀轴转速为340r/min,对应的平均功耗为17.92 kW、碎土率为91.65%,且各评价指标与其理论优化值的相对误差均小于5%。试验表明,所设计的双轴旋转耕作部件性能测试试验台设计合理,能够满足多因素多水平的测试需求,为双轴旋转型耕作部件的优化设计提供了新的测试手段。  相似文献   
6.
数字果树及其技术体系研究进展   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
果树是重要的农林植物。在万物智联时代,利用数字化、智能化、网络化技术建立数字果树技术体系,实现对果树生命、生产和生态复杂系统的高效感知、认知和智慧管控,对于果业实现数字化转型具有重要意义。该研究在数字植物技术范畴下,系统论述了数字果树的概念和内涵,提出了数字果树技术体系框架。重点在果树表型信息获取、环境数据获取、三维模型计算、数字育种、果树大数据和虚拟现实技术等方面综述了数字果树研究进展。从产业应用角度,综述了数字果树技术在树形管理、生长监测、种植管理、农技培训、品牌营销等方面应用效果和挑战。最后,展望了数字果树发展趋势、研究热点和技术突破方向,以期为数字果树的进一步发展提供思路与借鉴。  相似文献   
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采用随机区组设计,研究不同配比的红壤、泥炭、椰糠和珍珠岩6种基质配方对闭鞘姜生长的影响。测定6种基质的物理和化学性质,观测萌芽率、叶片数、茎粗、株高、株幅、光合日变化、根茎鲜重和根茎干重。结果显示,基质S4(泥炭+椰糠+珍珠岩=1∶2∶2)的植株净光合速率(Pn)显著高于其他基质处理。在6种基质生长的植株叶片净光合速率曲线呈单峰或双峰变化,而蒸腾速率曲线呈单峰变化。最大株高、最大根茎鲜重和根茎干重也出现在基质S4种植的植株。从以上结果可知,基质S4比较适合闭鞘姜的生长和根状茎干物质积累。  相似文献   
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