Infection routes of Aeromonas salmonicida in rainbow trout monitored in vivo by real‐time bioluminescence imaging

Recent development of imaging tools has facilitated studies of pathogen infections in vivo in real time. This trend can be exemplified by advances in bioluminescence imaging (BLI), an approach that helps to visualize dissemination of pathogens within the same animal over several time points. Here, we employ bacterial BLI for examining routes of entry and spread of Aeromonas salmonicida susbp. salmonicida in rainbow trout. A virulent Danish A. salmonicida strain was tagged with pAKgfplux1, a dual‐labelled plasmid vector containing the mutated gfpmut3a gene from Aequorea victoria and the luxCDABE genes from the bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens. The resulting A. salmonicida transformant exhibited growth properties and virulence identical to the wild‐type A. salmonicida, which made it suitable for an experimental infection, mimicking natural conditions. Fish were infected with pAKgfplux1 tagged A. salmonicida via immersion bath. Colonization and subsequent tissue dissemination was followed over a 24‐h period using the IVIS spectrum imaging workstation. Results suggest the pathogen's colonization sites are the dorsal and pectoral fin and the gills, followed by a progression through the internal organs and an ensuing exit via the anal opening. This study provides a tool for visualizing colonization of A. salmonicida and other bacterial pathogens in fish.     

Three‐dimensional visualization of green fluorescence protein‐labelled Edwardsiella tarda in whole Medaka larvae

The invasive fish pathogen Edwardsiella tarda is common in aquatic environments and causes the environmentally and economically destructive emphysematous putrefactive disease called edwardsiellosis. In order to understand the organism's infection pathway, medaka larvae (Oryzias latipes) were immersion‐infected with E. tarda labelled with green fluorescence protein (GFP) and then visualized in three dimensions under confocal laser microscopy and light‐sheet fluorescence microscopy. Confocal microscopy revealed GFP‐labelled E. tarda in the mouth, head, gill bridges, gill cover, skin, membrane fin, gastrointestinal tract and air bladder, and in the caudal vein, somite veins, caudal artery and caudal capillaries. Light‐sheet microscopy additionally showed GFP‐labelled E. tarda in the pharyngeal cavity, muscle of the pectoral fin and cardiac atrium and ventricle. These findings suggest that during its infection of fish, E. tarda initially adheres to, and invades, the epithelial cells of the skin, gills and gastrointestinal tract (through the pharyngeal cavity); E. tarda then enters the blood vessels to access organs, including the air bladder and heart.     

连续投影算法融合信息熵选择霉变玉米高光谱特征波长

运用高光谱技术鉴别玉米霉变等级时,因光谱波段数多、数据量大、信息冗余度高,使鉴别工作难度加大。为了减少数据量,获得最有利于鉴别的高光谱信息特征波长,本研究提出了一种连续投影算法(SPA)融合信息熵的特征波长选择方法。首先,对霉变玉米样本高光谱数据运用多元散射校正(MSC)进行光谱预处理以消除噪声,然后利用SPA对处理过的光谱进行波长初选,得到8个初选特征波长,再通过信息熵原理处理初选特征波长下的图像信息,获得最佳特征波长。结果表明,运用SPA融合信息熵法得到有利于霉变玉米鉴别的最佳波长为819 nm,提取该波长下霉变玉米图像的纹理特征后,采用Fisher判别分析(FDA)进行鉴别,6个等级霉变玉米的鉴别正确率高达98.6%,充分证明所给出的特征波长选择方法是有效的。本研究特征波长选择方法可为更好地运用高光谱技术鉴别玉米霉变等级提供指导。     

薄膜扩散梯度（DGT）技术在环境微界面物质运移过程研究中的应用

土壤、沉积物、水体和生物体之间的接触和作用形成了多种环境微界面。这些环境微界面是物质迁移转化的重要场所,而高度时空异质性的界面特征使得对其中化学反应信息的捕捉变得极其复杂且困难。薄膜梯度扩散(DGT)技术以其原位测量元素生物有效态和高空间分辨率等优势,适用于研究化学异质性的界面过程。本文系统总结了DGT技术在环境微界面的物质运移过程研究中的应用现状,包括以下3方面内容:一是一维物质浓度测定;二是二维化学分布成像;三是与薄膜扩散平衡技术(DET)、平衡式孔隙水采样器(Peeper)和平面光极(PO)等技术联用同步获取多种溶质分布信息。现有研究证据表明,DGT适合在亚毫米(几十至几百微米)至毫米尺度研究环境微界面营养盐和污染物运移的生物地球化学过程,并可与其他化学成像技术结合研究物质跨界面运移的驱动因子和动力学特征。最后,在DGT技术发展与应用场景扩展等方面提出了几点展望。     

多波束渔用声呐作用距离预报建模及性能分析

多波束渔用声呐是海洋渔业实现高效、精准和选择性捕捞的重要工具。为了系统分析多波束渔用声呐探测性能及主要制约因素对作用距离的影响,针对圆柱形阵多波束渔用声呐,采用水声学系统仿真的方法,分别对主要为噪声和混响环境下的渔用声呐探测性能进行分析,对不同海况下噪声不同目标强度鱼群的探测性能进行比较,分析窄带系统和宽带系统降低混响的能力,并对噪声和混响混叠环境下的渔用声呐探测性能进行仿真分析;最终,从系统设计、发射方式、接收方式等多个角度提出提高渔用声呐探测性能的方法,为远距离、高分辨率多波束渔用声呐的研制提供改进的方向。     

Localization of amino acids in germinated rice grain: Gamma-aminobutyric acid and essential amino acids production approach

Germinated rice is popularly consumed for its high gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and bioactive compounds. Supporting information on how to germinate rice with high GABA content and essential amino acids is lacking. White and colored rough rice were germinated for 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 h. GABA, GABA substrates and essential amino acids were also investigated using GC-MS and MALDI-MSI. GABA was more concentrated after germination and shifted into the coleoptile. High correlation was recorded between germination time and GABA (0.79–0.83, p ≤ 0.01) and glutamic acid (0.88–0.89, p ≤ 0.01). Highest rates of GABA and glutamic production were observed within 48 h of germination in both rice varieties (26.12 and 34.28 mg/100g) and reached maximum value at 96 h (31.36 and 38.75 mg/100g). Colored rice germination showed higher GABA, GABA substrates and deficient amino acids than white rice. GABA and essential amino acids drastically increased after germination, supporting the consumption of germinated rice as a functional food.     

基于无人机成像高光谱影像的冬小麦LAI估测

利用无人机Cubert UHD185 Firefly成像光谱仪和ASD光谱仪获取了冬小麦挑旗期、开花期和灌浆期的成像和非成像高光谱以及LAI数据。首先,对比ASD与UHD185光谱仪数据光谱反射率,评价两者精度;然后,选取7个光谱参数,分析其与冬小麦3个生育期LAI的相关性,并使用线性回归和指数回归挑选出最佳估测参数;最后利用多元线性回归、偏最小二乘、随机森林、人工神经网络和支持向量机构建了冬小麦3个不同生育期LAI的估测模型。结果表明:UHD185光谱仪光谱反射率在红边区域与ASD光谱仪趋势一致性很高,反射率在挑旗期、开花期、灌浆期的R^2分别为0.9959、0.9990和0.9968,UHD185光谱仪数据精度较高;7种光谱参数在挑旗期、开花期、灌浆期与LAI相关性最高的参数分别是NDVI(r=0.738)、SR(r=0.819)、NDVI×SR(r=0.835);LAI-MLR为冬小麦LAI的最佳估测模型,其中开花期拟合性最好,精度最高(建模R^2=0.6788、RMSE为0.69、NRMSE为19.79%,验证R^2=0.8462、RMSE为0.47、NRMSE为16.04%)。     

甜菜种子活力的测定——基于近红外高光谱技术

为保证田间甜菜种子的出苗率和生产潜力,需要在种植前对种子进行活力检测,挑选出活力高的甜菜种子进行推广种植。利用高温处理法对甜菜种子进行老化处理,再基于标准正态变换(SNV)、去趋势校正(DET)、Savitzky-Golay平滑处理(SG)、一阶差分(1D)和二阶差分(2D)5种近红外高光谱预处理方法,构建种子活力智能检测模型得出预测的种子发芽率,再利用老化处理后的甜菜种子进行发芽实验得出实际的发芽率。研究发现,甜菜种子经过一阶差分预处理建立的智能检测模型预测性能最好,其预测准确率达到91.92%。将未处理的甜菜种子的实际发芽率与一阶差分预处理法建立的智能模型预测结果进行对比,发现模型的预测准确率为88.2%。近红外高光谱技术是一种快速、无损的作物种子活力测定的新方法。     

Gross anatomy,computed tomography,magnetic resonance imaging and bone mineral densitometry of the ovine metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joint

This study was aimed to provide anatomical atlas of the ovine metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joints using computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as to investigate bone mineral density (BMD) and morphometric features of this joint. The limbs of twenty adult Sanjabi sheep were examined. Imaging was performed using a 16-slice multi-detector CT scanner and a 1.5 Tesla MRI scanner. The obtained images were correlated with corresponding anatomical sections. BMD was measured by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) method. Also morphometric features included distance between metacarpal and metatarsal heads, width of metacarpal and metatarsal head, length, width and the height of the proximal sesamoid bones were measured. In MRI images, compact bones, ligaments and tendons showed less signal intensity (hypointense). The fatty tissue and bone marrow had more signal intensity (hyperintense), but articular cartilage and synovial fluid showed moderate signal intensity. BMD in the left hind limb was significantly higher than other three limbs (p ≤ 0.05). The length of proximal sesamoid bones in left forelimb was higher than right forelimb (p ≤ 0.05). The thickness of proximal sesamoid bones in left limbs was higher than those in their counterparts (p ≤ 0.05). The width of the medial head in the forelimbs was significantly greater than the hind limbs (p ≤ 0.05). The present results might be useful in managing the clinical techniques on this joint. Larger volume of the proximal sesamoid bones and wider medial head in the forelimbs compared to the hindlimbs impel this speculation that the centre of gravity is closer to the forelimbs.