An outbreak of Shewanella putrefaciens group in wild eels Anguilla anguilla L. favoured by hypoxic aquatic environments

Microbiological analyses were conducted on wild eels from the L′Albufera Lake (Spain). A total of 174 individuals were collected in two surveys (i.e. year 2008 and autumn–winter 2014) among those caught by local fishermen into the lagoon. The prevalence of Shewanella putrefaciens group was 1.7% in 2008 and rose above 32% in 2014. It was due to an outbreak of shewanellosis that presented a morbidity rate of 64%. S. putrefaciens group strains were isolated as pure cultures from the sick eels that showed white ulcers surrounded by a reddish inflammation, damage of the mouth, extensive skin discoloration, exophthalmia, ascites and bad odour. The S. putrefaciens group was recovered from freshwater samples taken at the L′Albufera system, along autumn–winter 2015. Its counts significantly increased in freshwater parallel to hypoxia and temperature rising. Shewanellae strains were identified as S. putrefaciens and S. xiamenensis by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. These isolates recovered from sick eels or freshwater were virulent for European eel by IP challenge (LD₅₀ 10⁶ CFU g^?1 body weight). They also caused 30–38% cumulative mortality, in European eels challenged by a 2‐h bath (10⁷ CFU mL^?1). These results suggest that shewanellosis could be transmitted through water highlighting the fact that hypoxic conditions increase this bacterium levels in water.     

基于玻璃化转变的稻谷变温热风干燥工艺研究

为保证稻谷干燥后品质、提高干燥效率,基于不同含水率稻谷的玻璃化转变温度,提出变温热风干燥工艺。采用三因素五水平中心组合试验方法,以稻谷温度、初始含水率和热风风速为影响因素,以稻谷爆腰指数、整精米率和干燥时间为评价指标,研究稻谷玻璃化转变温度、恒温和变温干燥特性,模拟解析稻谷干燥过程中传热传质规律,以5、10、15℃的变温幅度进行变温干燥试验。结果表明,稻谷玻璃化转变温度与其含水率呈负相关,恒温干燥最佳工艺参数为稻谷温度47℃、初始含水率22.0%、热风风速0.50 m/s,干燥后稻谷爆腰指数70、整精米率57.67%、干燥时间195 min;与恒温干燥相比,以5℃和10℃为变温幅度的变温干燥工艺,干燥后稻谷爆腰指数分别降低了20和10,整精米率提高12.6、7.7个百分点,干燥时间缩短30 min和60 min。研究表明,基于玻璃化转变的稻谷变温热风干燥工艺明显改善了稻谷干燥后品质,提高了干燥效率。     

Transient heat transfer characteristics of air-array-jet impingement with different nozzle arrangements on high-tempera-ture flat plate in small jet-to-plate distance

Numerical studies on transient heat transfer characteristics of air-array-jet impingement with a small jet-to-plate distance and a large temperature difference between nozzles and plate were presented.The dimensionless jet-to-plate distance(H/D)was 0.2,and non-dimensional nozzle-to-nozzle spacing(S/D)was 3,4,5 and 6,respectively.It is found that the quenching time is shortened at a constant total mass flow at air jet inlet m·(m·=218.21 kg/h),and the heat transfer uniformity is deterio-rated as S/D increases.However,the adding reversed-flow nozzles can shorten the quenching time of the glass plate considerably with a modest change in the heat transfer uniformity.The results at variable m·are the same as those at a fixed m·.Furthermore,the parity and arrangement of nozzles are also discussed,It is found that an odd number of nozzles is more beneficial for transient heat transfer.Based on these results,an appropriate proposal for ultra-thin glass tempering process is presented.     

绿色建筑中节能门窗的应用现状与发展趋势

指出了我国门窗的节能标准低下,多数门窗厂家整体技术水平低下,导致我国门窗的保温性能远低于西方发达国家,大量的能耗从门窗洞口等部位流失。分析了我国门窗节能的现状,阐述了国外节能门窗的应用状况,探讨了节能门窗的未来发展趋势。     

乳清蛋白对以麦芽糊精为助剂桑葚汁喷雾干燥性能影响

桑葚富含多酚类物质,具有一定的营养与保健功能。多酚类物质在加工及贮藏过程中非常不稳定,喷雾干燥法微胶囊包埋是保护生物活性成分常采用的方法。但是,果汁喷雾干燥过程中极易出现黏壁现象,导致粉末回收率较低。基于此,研究不同比例乳清分离蛋白(WPI)与麦芽糊精(MD)对喷雾干燥桑葚粉理化特性的影响。结果表明,进料液中以少量WPI取代MD能显著提高桑葚粉的回收率,WPI较高的表面活性与良好的成膜性是使桑葚粉回收率提高的主要原因。随着进料溶液中WPI质量分数的增加,桑葚粉含水率增加;水分活度、堆积密度、粒径、水溶性指数和玻璃化转变温度呈降低趋势,而吸湿性则无明显变化。随着进料溶液中WPI质量分数的增加,桑葚粉L值、b值增加,a值降低,色差ΔE增加。桑葚粉的总酚含量与清除自由基能力随进料溶液中WPI质量分数的增加呈降低趋势。当进料溶液中桑葚汁/MD/WPI质量比为65∶(34.5~30.0)∶(0.5~5.0)时,既能有效解决黏壁问题,又能较好地抑制桑葚汁中多酚类成分降解,使桑葚粉具有较高的抗氧化能力。     

GMP玻璃化冷冻未成熟牛卵母细胞核成熟及冷冻损伤试验

本试验通过荧光染色的方法建立了未成熟牛卵母细胞在体外培养过程中第1次减数分裂的各个阶段的参考判定图谱;根据这个标准来观察毛细玻璃管(GMP)玻璃化冷冻对卵母细胞核成熟和冷冻损伤的影响。结果表明,从屠宰场废弃的卵巢表面卵泡内抽取的COCs,70%处于生发泡期,12.5%生发泡开始破裂,7.5%已开始浓缩,这说明从屠宰场获得的COCs有较高的异质性;卵母细胞在成熟培养22h时收获排出第一极体的卵母细胞,可得到丰度较高的极体-胞质染色体对称、紧密相邻的成熟卵母细胞;GMP玻璃化冷冻损伤主要有2种表现形式,首先,直接影响膜结构的完整性,包括细胞膜和核膜,这可从退化的细胞比例看出(8～24h,有21.9%～27.2%的细胞处于该阶段),其次,影响CONDENSED向MⅠ期的过渡,这可从处于CONDENSED卵母细胞的比例看出(8～24h,有24.1%～34.3%的细胞处于该阶段)。     

THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALUMINIUM MATRIX MICRO -GLASSBALL COMPOSITE AND THE ANALYSIS ON ITS FORMING MECHANISMS

The problem that the micro-glassball is not wettable in molten aluminium alloys can be solved by a special technology that is different from rheocasting and squeezecasting methods. The metten metal can fill the cavity of the glass ball through the broken place on its wall, and an original micro -structure will be formed. This material has good comprehensive mechanical proper ties and this method can be used to other kinds of ceramic powders. The mechanisms of the formation of this materials have been discussed as well.     

FRW阻燃胶合板的DMA分析

目前世界范围内木材资源短缺的情况日益加剧,发展人造板工业已成为世界各国解决木材资源严重不足的重要途径.其中,胶合板作为室内装饰的主要材料,其产量和需求量都在急剧增长.我国胶合板产量从1980年的33.00万m3增长到2004年的2 098.62万m3,呈现大幅度增长的趋势(张文标等,2000).但由于普通胶合板具有易燃性,在许多领域的应用上受到限制.因为一旦发生火灾,不仅造成重大的经济损失,而且往往会发生人员伤亡.1950-2003年全国共发生火灾4 177 730起,直接经济损失2 434.525 1亿元,因火灾死亡174 855人,受伤329 352人.     

稻壳灰同时制备脱色剂和水玻璃的研究

基于稻壳灰（RHA）含有均匀分布的主要由SiO2组成的高含量矿物质的事实，研究了RHA综合利用的方法。RHA先经碱法处理后转化为水玻璃和脱硅RHA（DRHA），然后DRHA用硫酸活化制得应用于植物油精炼中的脱色剂纯RHA（PRHA）。分别探讨了影响水玻璃模数和PRHA脱色能力的因素。结果表明，在2-3mol／L范围内改变NaOH浓度或在2-3h范围内改变溶煮时间，可获得2．3～3．6模数的水玻璃产品。高脱硅率有利于PRHA的多孔性形成。在NaOH溶液浓度2mol／L和溶煮时间2h条件下，RHA转化为模数3．3的水玻璃和DRHA，SiO2溶出率达到94.83％。活化DRHA制备PRHA的最佳工艺为：硫酸质量分数5％、活化时间4h、活化温度90℃。PRHA对中性大豆毛油的脱色能力是目前植物油工业中常用的活性凹凸棒石粘土的3倍。     

喷雾干燥过程中产品玻璃化温度转变和质量控制

通过分析物料在整个喷雾干燥阶段中的温度和颗粒状态变化,研究物料的玻璃化转变特性和产品质量与干燥工艺参数的关系,得出了相应的结论,并提出了因颗粒玻璃化转变的原因造成产品的质量变化的调整方法.