Pathological changes induced by three myxosporeans in the intestine of cultured tiger puffer, Takifugu rubripes (Temminck and Schlegel)

Pathological changes in cultured tiger puffer, Takifugu rubripes , with emaciation disease in Kyushu, Japan were studied histologically. In most cases, diseased fish were heavily infected with at least one of three myxosporeans ( Myxidium fugu , Myxidium sp. and Leptotheca fugu ) and two unidentified hyperparasitic microsporeans, attached to, or in, the intestinal epithelium. Myxidium fugu attached to the surface of the epithelium, caused no noticeable effects on the host tissue, irrespective of its infection with the hyperparasite. Myxidium sp., which proliferated in the epithelium, induced severe pathological changes including accumulation of cell debris between the epithelium and lamina propria and resultant detachment of the epithelium. Leptotheca fugu, another histozoic myxosporean, induced degeneration of the epithelium, associated with massive infiltration of macrophages into the epithelium to encapsulate parasites. When L. fugu was infected with its hyperparasitic microsporean, shortened villi were also observed. This is probably because passage of macrophage-parasite aggregates through the basement membrane of the epithelium severely damaged the epithelial structure. It is evident histologically that, unlike epicellular M. fugu , histozoic Myxidium sp. and L. fugu with or without hyperparasitic microsporeans, were highly pathogenic to host fish. This strongly suggests that they are causative agents of the emaciation disease.     

双斑东方鲀人工繁殖试验

催产亲鱼采自泉州湾双斑东方鲀产卵场海区，经注射LRH－A催产激素，3个试验组有2组产卵，共产卵61万粒；在水温15－18℃条件下，受精卵经4d孵化，仔鱼全部出膜，共出苗30万尾。     

红鳍东方鲀仔鱼期摄食与生长的研究

在水温 ( 1 6± 1 )℃条件下 ,红鳍东方 (Takifugurubripes)仔鱼孵出后 4d开始摄食 ,此时其卵黄囊体积由初孵时的 0 636mm3减少到 0 375mm3;1 2d时 ,卵黄完全耗尽。最高初次摄食率出现在卵黄耗尽时 ,可达 1 0 0 % ;仔鱼能维持 9d高达 90 %以上的初次摄食率。初次摄食强度最大值也出现在 1 2d。饥饿不可逆点 (PNR)出现在 1 5～ 1 6d。在内营养期日平均增长率为 0 2 1 7mm/d ;在PNR前的摄食期 ,饥饿仔鱼的日平均生长率为 0 0 1 7mm/d ;而摄食仔鱼的日平均生长率为 0 0 95mm/d ;PNR后至死亡前 ,饥饿仔鱼呈负增长 ,而摄食仔鱼的日平均生长率达 0 41 0mm/d。     

暗纹东方鲀在不同冻藏温度下品质变化的动力学研究

为研究河豚鱼在冻藏过程中的品质变化,通过不同温度下的冻藏试验对河豚鱼品质变化的动力学模型进行探讨。将河豚鱼冻藏在263、255、248和243K条件下,测定河豚鱼的挥发性盐基氮、盐溶性蛋白及巯基等品质指标随贮藏时间的变化。在Arrhenius动力学方程基础之上,建立了挥发性盐基氮、盐溶性蛋白及巯基的质量分数与冻藏时间及冻藏温度之间的动力学模型。结果表明：一级化学反应动力学模型和Arrhenius方程对挥发性盐基氮和盐溶性蛋白的质量分数及巯基的质量摩尔浓度的变化具有较高的拟合精度。挥发性盐基氮质量分数变化预测模型中的活化能EA及速率常数k0分别为10.72kJ/mol和0.556 0,盐溶性蛋白质量分数变化的EA及k0分别为：26.79kJ/mol和2 668.20,巯基质量摩尔浓度变化的EA及k0分别为：20.68kJ/mol和186.52。挥发性盐基氮随着贮藏时间的延长而增加,且随着贮藏温度的升高而增加迅速,其盐溶性蛋白及巯基含量指标随着贮藏时间的延长而下降,且随着贮藏温度的升高而下降迅速。     

菊黄东方鲀当年鱼种养殖阶段消化酶活性研究

为了研究池塘养殖菊黄东方鲀（Takifugu flavidus）鱼种生长及肠组织中消化酶活性随生长的变化,2012年5－11月进行室外养殖试验,池塘面积0.2 hm2,水深1.5～2.0 m,鱼苗体长1.2~1.5 cm,放养密度为22.5 万尾/hm2,试验用海水盐度5~15,水温为15~35℃,pH 8~9;测定当年鱼种不同生长阶段的体长、体质量、肝重、肠长等生长指标,通过生物化学方法测定了其肠组织主要消化酶活性。结果表明,菊黄东方鲀幼鱼体长、体质量与养殖天数均呈指数相关（L=27.07e0.0088t, W=1.0982e0.0262t）;体长与体质量呈幂函数增长相关（W=3×10-5L3.1070）,且为异速生长。不同生长阶段菊黄东方鲀肝体比、比肠长、肥满度的变化显著（P<0.05）;肝体比随生长呈显著上升趋势（P<0.05）,变化范围为4.15%~20.23%;比肠长则呈显著下降趋势（P<0.05）,变化范围为0.97%～2.33%,不同生长阶段肥满度变化为3.99%～5.11%。菊黄东方鲀肠组织碱性蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性均随生长呈显著降低趋势（P<0.05）,最大值均出现在养殖40 d（83.11 U/mg与3.13 U/mg）;酸性蛋白酶活性呈先下降、后上升趋势（P<0.05）,最小值（0.34 U/mg）与最大值（0.86 U/mg）分别出现在113 d和166 d;脂肪酶活性随生长变化不显著（P>0.05）。研究表明,菊黄东方鲀鱼种的生长与养殖条件的改变存在密切关系;肝体比、比肠长等与鱼的发育及营养摄入存在一定关系;肠组织不是生成蛋白酶和淀粉酶的主要器官。     

Toxicity of cultured bullseye puffer fish Sphoeroides annulatus

The toxin content in various life cycle stages of tank-cultivated bullseye puffer (Sphoeroides annulatus) were analyzed by mouse bioassay and ESI-MS spectrometry analysis. The presence of toxin content was determined in extracts of sperm, eggs, embryo, larvae, post-larvae, juvenile, pre-adult, and adult fish, as well as in food items used during the cultivation of the species. Our findings show that only the muscle of juveniles, the viscera of pre-adults, and muscle, liver, and gonad of adult specimens were slightly toxic (<1 mouse unit). Thus, cultivated S. annulatus, as occurs with other cultivated puffer fish species, does not represent a food safety risk to consumers. This is the first report of toxin analysis covering the complete life stages of a puffer fish under controlled conditions.     

半咸水人工湿地净化越冬养殖循环水的效果

为拓展人工湿地在水产养殖上的应用,该文研究了半咸水人工湿地的循环水越冬系统中暗纹东方鲀越冬养殖效果和净化效能。结果表明,经过166d越冬养殖,暗纹东方鲀越冬成活率(76.94±13.87)%,饵料系数5.49±1.77。在无任何外源能源加温的情况下,系统水温保持在暗纹东方鲀幼鱼的生存最低温度以上。在半咸水环境下(7.6‰～9.9‰),人工湿地对养殖水有良好的净化效果:总氮去除率为30.5%、总氨氮为69.6%、亚硝酸盐为96.1%、硝酸盐为9.7%、总磷为18.4%、COD为38.8%、总悬浮物为79.7%,循环水经过人工湿地后水质符合国家渔业用水标准;越冬期间,越冬养殖池水质状况良好;除TN和NO3-N在越冬期间的去除率比在夏季的明显低外,其他主要污染物的去除率与夏季比较没有明显变化。在试验负载范围内,系统去除量随进水污染负载量的增加而增加;通过建立预测模型预测出湿地养殖面积比值0.36～0.97,与实际值1.26相比,养殖密度尚有提高的空间。因此,人工湿地能持续有效地去除暗纹东方鲀越冬循环水养殖系统中的主要污染物,说明该系统能在越冬养殖生产实际应用。     

Non-traditional vectors for paralytic shellfish poisoning

Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), due to saxitoxin and related compounds, typically results from the consumption of filter-feeding molluscan shellfish that concentrate toxins from marine dinoflagellates. In addition to these microalgal sources, saxitoxin and related compounds, referred to in this review as STXs, are also produced in freshwater cyanobacteria and have been associated with calcareous red macroalgae. STXs are transferred and bioaccumulate throughout aquatic food webs, and can be vectored to terrestrial biota, including humans. Fisheries closures and human intoxications due to STXs have been documented in several non-traditional (i.e. non-filter-feeding) vectors. These include, but are not limited to, marine gastropods, both carnivorous and grazing, crustacea, and fish that acquire STXs through toxin transfer. Often due to spatial, temporal, or a species disconnection from the primary source of STXs (bloom forming dinoflagellates), monitoring and management of such non-traditional PSP vectors has been challenging. A brief literature review is provided for filter feeding (traditional) and non-filter feeding (non-traditional) vectors of STXs with specific reference to human effects. We include several case studies pertaining to management actions to prevent PSP, as well as food poisoning incidents from STX(s) accumulation in non-traditional PSP vectors.     

Calcium Requirement of Tiger Puffer Fed a Semi-Purified Diet

Juvenile tiger puffer (Takifugu rubripes) were fed semi-purified diets with graded levels (0–0.40%) of calcium (Ca) supplements for 8 weeks at a temperature of 23.0–25.5 °C. At the end of the feeding experiment, average final body weight increased with increasing dietary Ca levels. A diet without Ca supplement resulted in poor average final body weight and 0.05% dietary Ca supplement could not significantly improve the growth. However, supplemental Ca levels of 0.10–0.40% significantly increased growth. Dietary Ca supplements of 0.10% or more also improved the feed efficiency in tiger puffer. Ca and phosphorus contents of the bone were independent of dietary Ca supplements. However, 0.40% Ca in the diet decreased the zinc and manganese contents of bone. Results indicated that supplemental Ca levels of 0.10–0.20% in a semi-purified diet were required to maintain normal growth, feed utilization and bone mineralization of tiger puffer.