短期围栏封育对高寒草甸植物群落及土壤理化性质的影响

充分了解围栏封育对植物群落及土壤理化性质的影响,是合理制定草甸恢复和利用相关政策、促进当地畜牧业经济可持续发展的关键。本研究通过对西藏三江并流区封育2年的高寒草甸的群落样方调查与土壤理化性质测定,结果表明,比较自由放牧,围封后地上和地下生物量分别提高26.24%和8.94%,但物种多样性指数略有下降;围封后土壤电导率、盐度和总溶解固体分别下降26.50%,29.03%,30.15%;围栏内地上生物量与土壤盐度、总溶解固体、电导率呈显著正相关(P<0.05),地下生物量与硝态氮、温度呈显著正相关(P<0.05);围栏外地下生物量与介电常数、体积含水率呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与铵态氮呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。研究结果表明,2年短期围封对高寒草甸植物群落及其土壤理化性质均有一定改善,可以作为应对草甸退化的干扰手段与管理措施。     

京郊生态果园中的植物调查

北京郊区生态果园数量较多。对不使用除草剂,主要采取清耕措施为主的生态果园中非靶标植物进行调查、分类和分析,将果园中植物分为4类,即果园杂草、果园行间生草和种草、果园趋避植物、果园栅栏植物。其中果园杂草有34科95属115种,其中常见的83种。常见种中以一、二年生草本和具地下根状茎或以地面芽越冬的多年生草本为主,彻底清除比较困难。并和30年前果园杂草从物种多样性和分布情况方面进行了比较,发现物种多样性有所下降,少了10科31属59种植物,但也新增加了2科17属30种,净减少8科14属29种;杂草中有7种属于外来入侵物种。统计出行间种草10种,种植趋避植物20种,建议用作栅栏植物8种。     

围栏封育对退化草地群落功能群的影响

研究围栏封育后退化草地群落功能群的变化。在达日县典型的中度退化的嵩草草甸上建立试验样地,并进行了连续3年的观测。结果显示：随着封育年限的增加,群落盖度、多样性及生物量均在增加,其中禾本科功能群生物量增加最快,莎草科功能群次之,豆科功能群增加缓慢,而杂类草功能群生物量却逐年减少。     

白洋淀围栏养蟹蟹种放养数量的探讨

针对白洋淀围栏养蟹测定出河蟹一昼夜中的摄食节律,然后用r和t检验河蟹体重与日摄食量的关系成正相关,测得体重与日摄食量关系式为:D=0.99189+0.03029W根据白祥淀围栏的供饵能力,计算出蟹种放养数量为300～500只/0.0667hm~2。     

围栏放牧的线性规划研究

围栏放牧目的是在维持草地生产力的前提下，最大限度地挖掘草地生产潜力。本文通过理论与实践相结合的手段，利用线性规划原理地围栏放牧管理。结果发现，在现有的试验条件下，６．６公顷人工草地可饲养５０个羊单位，线性规划放牧管理比一般放管理的草地栽畜量提高３倍。     

The evolution of virtual fences: A review

A virtual fence can be defined as a structure serving as an enclosure, a barrier, or a boundary without a physical barrier. The concept of virtual fencing occurs increasingly in discussions wherever free-ranging livestock is managed. It is especially interesting because of its potential to initially enhance ecological management, improve management by turning manual labour into cognitive labour as well as improve the life-style of livestock managers. All of these have the potential to reduce costs. Moreover, it opens up the possibility of managing areas that are not manageable at the moment. Therefore, a patent and literature search was conducted to investigate what virtual fencing involves, what opportunities there are for implementing it and what issues still need to be tackled. It was found that there are many different approaches in the development of virtual fencing, which can be split into three categories: first, to contain animals in a defined area or keep them out of a defined area using devices that are animal-borne; second, to contain animals without mounting a device onto the animal; and third, keeping animals apart with a moving fence line or using a virtual fence as a remote gathering device. The first two categories deal with static control of livestock, whereas the third category could be described as a control within moving boundaries. However, despite many patents having been found, only very few products are available on the market.Two important development areas are the energy use of the device and provision of a system that animals can easily understand, in order to assure welfare standards. The paper critically analyses the wide range of developments to date and points out the advantages and challenges virtual fencing offers. It also provides an indication of how far we are from a marketable product.     

The impact of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), seedbed, light and seed fall on natural beech (Fagus sylvatica) regeneration

The aim of the present study was to quantify the effects of roe deer browsing relative to the effects of soil preparation, shelterwood density (light) and seed fall. Ultimately, the goal was better silvicultural guidelines to support the use of natural beech regeneration in the close-to-nature forestry context. In spring 1995, an experiment on natural regeneration with three experimental stands (0.28–0.6 ha) was installed in a beech (Fagus sylvatica) dominated broadleaved forest inhabited by a dense roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) population (24 deer km⁻²). The autumn of 1995 offered a large beech mast (stand average 307–1168 beechnuts m⁻²).Treatments installed included fencing to exclude deer, soil preparation, shelterwood thinning, and the relevant control treatments. Roe deer and soil preparation had dramatic effects on regeneration from the moment the seedlings sprouted in the spring 1996. The regeneration sprouted only sparsely in the unprepared seedbed producing only 5 seedlings m⁻² (average across fence treatments) after 2 months, which was reduced to 1 sapling m⁻² 8 years later. Deer had no significant effect on the regeneration density of the unprepared seedbed. In contrast, the cultivated seedbeds produced initially (after 2 months) up to 191 seedlings m⁻² protected by fence, whereas the densities in the unfenced treatments peaked by 22 seedlings m⁻². By the end of the study, these densities were reduced to 22 saplings m⁻² in the permanently fenced mineral soil seedbed and to 2 saplings m⁻² in the unfenced mineral soil seedbed. Regeneration height outside the permanent fence was generally only half the height of the regeneration inside. Additionally, we found significantly positive effects of increasing light and seed fall on regeneration density and of light on regeneration growth.We conclude that the roe deer only reduced the regeneration density of the dense regenerations established in the cultivated seedbeds. However, the regeneration density of the unprepared seedbed was not sufficient to support a future high quality stand. We found no treatment that within the timeframe of this study could support successful regeneration establishment outside the permanent fences. Whether this will change in the future with more time given for the regeneration to establish is yet to be revealed.     

不同管理措施对青海湖流域高寒草地土壤养分的影响

本文通过野外采样及室内分析比较了围栏封育(FE)、传统放牧(TG)和草灌结合(CGB)3种管理措施对青海湖流域高寒草地不同土层深度土壤养分的影响。结果表明：土壤有机质、速效氮磷和硝态氮含量在不同管理措施下均随土层深度的增加而降低(P<0.05);FE有机质含量均显著高于CGB和TG (P<0.05);不同管理措施对土壤全量养分含量影响较小,主要对0~10 cm土层全氮含量产生影响,该层中FE全氮含量显著高于CGB和TG;不同管理措施对土壤速效养分含量的影响较大,主要体现在0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层,均表现为FE土壤速效养分含量最高(P < 0.05)。综上,围栏封育更有利于青海湖流域土壤养分的固持和青海湖流域退化高寒草地的恢复。     

不同封育年限对河西走廊中部荒漠植被群落生态位的研究

选取河西走廊中部封育3、5、8、12、13、14年和未封育的荒漠植被,采用样带结合样方法进行野外植被调查,运用重要值、Levins生态位宽度指数和Pianka生态位重叠指数进行研究,分析了荒漠植被对资源的利用情况,揭示不同封育年限荒漠植被群落中种群生态位格局。结果表明,随着封育年限的延长和群落的演替,物种丰富度指数先增高后降低;物种均匀度指数和多样性指数呈先增高后降低再增高的变化趋势;物种重要值呈先降低再增高又降低的变化趋势。生态位宽度大的主要集中在盐生草、驼蹄瓣、刺沙蓬、苔草、沙蒿、画眉草、锋芒草、羊茅、红砂、青蒿等,说明这些植物适应环境能力强,能够充分利用环境资源,而且在群落中处于优势地位。     

暖棚和氨化秸秆育肥绵羊试验报告

利用氨化秸秆在暖棚内进行菜羊育肥，平均每只增加产值143元，比敞圈育肥组高58元，比对照组高159元；平均每只增加收入97元，比敞圈育肥组高58元，比对照组高122元，经济效益明显，宜在有条件的地区推广。