虾蛋白肽对蛋鸡产蛋性能和蛋品质的影响

研究和探讨了虾加工副产物的酶解产物（Enzymatic Hydrolysis Production,EHP）对蛋鸡产蛋率和蛋品质的影响。以虾加工副产物为原料,应用复合生物酶酶解技术制备EHP,选择产蛋率在80%以上的300日龄笼养褐壳蛋鸡288只,随机分成3组,在基础日粮中分别添加0、1.5g/100g、3g/100g虾加工副产物EHP,并替代相应重量的鱼粉,试验期为60天。EHP,可显著提高鸡蛋的哈夫单位（P〈0.05）,试验组蛋鸡产蛋率平均提高3.14%,料蛋比相应低于对照组。表明虾加工副产物EHP可显著提高产蛋高峰期过后处于衰减期的鸡蛋的哈夫单位及产蛋率。     

基于TaqMan qPCR检测凡纳滨对虾样品中虾肝肠胞虫并样检测方法的评价

对山东海阳和潍坊的2个养殖凡纳滨对虾群体取样,采用TaqMan qPCR逐尾检测肝胰腺中的虾肝肠胞虫(Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei, EHP)载量,再将提取的DNA样品按5并1(5∶1)、25并1(25∶1)、50并1(50∶1)、100并1(100∶1)和150并1(150∶1)进行并样,检测并样的EHP载量。设定不同临界循环数为假定灵敏度,定性判断各单尾检测阳性及并样组阳性,比较不同并样模式与检测阳性率、诊断灵敏度、诊断特异性等之间的关系以及定量的准确性。结果表明,检测灵敏度过低,会降低高并样率检测的准确性;阳性率在30%以上时,高并样率的检测结果与单样品检测相符性很好;高载量感染的阳性率不低于6.7%时,50∶1以内的并样能准确得出检测结果;低载量感染的阳性率不低于16%时,25∶1以内的并样能得出较好结果;高载量感染的1.3%阳性率和低载量感染的8%阳性率可能导致所有并样出现假阴性结果;各种并样模式均有很好的诊断特异性,50∶1并样的诊断灵敏度与OIE标准推荐的5∶1并样的接近;各并样检测的EHP载量与单样品检测平均值之比在0.27~2.83范围,二者存在极显著相关性,各种并样模式的定量检测结果在数量级水平能大致反映样品的平均EHP载量。本研究为水生动物疫病诊断和流行病学调查的样品检测提供了参考依据。     

虾肝肠胞虫(EHP)孢子的纯化和计数

采用差速离心和密度梯度离心,从感染虾肝肠胞虫(Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei,EHP)对虾的肝胰腺中,尝试纯化出孢子,并应用透射电镜、荧光桃红染色和血球计数板计数的方法对纯化出的孢子进行了观察和计数。结果表明,从1g的EHP载量为(4.7±2.2)×104 copies/ng DNA的肝胰腺组织中经差速离心和密度梯度离心方法分离到EHP的孢子,电镜观察孢子为大小在0.7～1.2μm的椭圆形,纯化孢子悬液用血球计数板计数显示孢子浓度为5.30×103个/μL,蔗糖密度梯度中的纯化孢子区带含有的孢子总数约1.06×106个。     

虾肝肠胞虫(EHP)现场快速高灵敏度检测试剂盒的性能评价研究

近年来,虾肝肠胞虫(Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei, EHP)流行使我国养殖对虾遭受严重经济损失,现场快速检测是EHP防控的重要技术保证。本研究对本实验室研发的EHP现场快速检测试剂盒的分析特异性(ASp)、分析灵敏度(ASe)、诊断特异性(DSp)、诊断灵敏度(DSe)、重复性和稳定性6项性能参数开展了系统评估。ASp测试显示,该试剂盒与对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)、偷死野田村病毒(CMNV)、虾血细胞虹彩病毒(SHIV)、致急性肝胰腺坏死病副溶血弧菌(VpAHPND)、传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒(IHHNV)等5种对虾常见病原及健康对虾无交叉反应;ASe测试显示,该试剂盒检测下限为101 copies/反应;以EHP TaqMan RT-qPCR方法为标准,比较了试剂盒对298份临床样品的测试结果,试剂盒的DSp为99.2%、DSe为91.7%;试剂盒对EHP阴性样品及强阳性样品的检测重复率为100%,弱阳性样品检测重复率为95.8%;试剂盒在–20℃和–40℃条件下分别可保存7个月和12个月以上。本研究表明,本实验室研制的EHP现场快速检测试剂盒具操作简便、快速、灵敏度高、特异性强、重复性好和稳定性强等优点,可满足对虾养殖现场对EHP的高灵敏度检测。     

Experimental horizontal transmission of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei in post‐larvae of whiteleg shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei

Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is a microsporidian parasite that causes hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis (HPM) in penaeid shrimp. HPM was observed in several countries, including Thailand and India; it has become a prominent pathogen in shrimp culture. Based on observations on EHP infection in the wild, the route of transmission has been hypothesized. Identification of artificial EHP infection procedures can facilitate our understanding of EHP transmission. Experimental transmission of EHP was attempted using the immersion and oral infections of infection. In the immersion mode, post‐larvae (PL) were exposed to an EHP tissue homogenate (0.2%) by immersion for 48 hr. Experimental samples were collected at various time points, and infection was confirmed using polymerase chain reaction, haematoxylin and eosin staining, transmission electron microscopy and modified trichrome staining. All test results revealed successful EHP transmission. Similar results were obtained through oral infection (oral infection). Innate immune gene expression patterns during infection were analysed; prophenoloxidase, crustin and superoxide dismutase were upregulated at 6, 6 and 48 hr post‐challenge, respectively. Experimental infection procedures facilitate the development of diagnostic and prevention strategies. This is the first study demonstrating the experimental transmission of EHP in shrimp PL.     

Multiple infections caused by white spot syndrome virus and Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei in pond‐reared Penaeus vannamei in India and multiplex PCR for their simultaneous detection

White leg shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, were collected on a monthly basis from grow‐out ponds located at Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh states along the east coast of India for screening of viral and other pathogens. Totally 240 shrimp samples randomly collected from 92 farms were screened for white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV), infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV) and Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP). The number of shrimp collected from shrimp farms ranged from 6 to 20 based on the body weight of the shrimp. All the shrimp collected from one farm were pooled together for screening for pathogens by PCR assay. Among the samples screened, 28 samples were WSSV‐positive, one positive for IHHNV and 30 samples positive for EHP. Among the positive samples, four samples were found to be positive for both WSSV and EHP, which indicated that the shrimp had multiple infections with WSSV and EHP. This is the first report on the occurrence of multiple infections caused by WSSV and EHP. Multiplex PCR (m‐PCR) protocol was standardized to detect both pathogens simultaneously in single reaction instead of carrying out separate PCR for both pathogens. Using m‐PCR assay, naturally infected shrimp samples collected from field showed two prominent bands of 615 and 510 bp for WSSV and EHP, respectively.     

一对虾养殖场的多病原跟踪

本研究通过对一对虾养殖场定期采样,采用分子生物学鉴定方法,分别对对虾体内及水环境中弧菌(Vibrio sp.)、虾肝肠胞虫(Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei, EHP)及主要病毒性病原进行了跟踪检测,同时,检测了水环境中的氨氮及亚硝基氮含量的变化趋势。结果显示,该对虾养殖场中存在的主要病原为多种致病弧菌和EHP,未检测出对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)、传染性肌肉坏死病毒(IMNV)、偷死野田村病毒(CMNV)及传染性皮下和造血组织坏死病毒(IHHNV);该养殖场中弧菌检出种类达到16种,其中,主要的弧菌种类有副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)、溶藻弧菌 (V. alginolyticus)、欧文氏弧菌(V. owensii)、创伤弧菌(V. vulnificus)、哈维氏弧菌(V. harveyi),且存在导致急性肝胰腺坏死病的副溶血弧菌(VPAHPND);养殖中期大棚养殖池水体氨氮及亚硝氮浓度分别达到(3.5±2.0)、(8.2±0.7) mg/L,显著高于室外养殖池水体氨氮及亚硝基氮浓度(P<0.05)。养殖期跟踪的7个虾池中,出现严重对虾病害的大棚养殖池比例达到100%,而室外养殖池仅出现轻度对虾病害,发病池比例为25%。根据研究结果推测,造成大棚养殖池对虾发病死亡的主要原因为养殖对虾感染弧菌及虾肝肠胞虫,同时,养殖密度大、水体氨氮及亚硝基氮浓度过高等在对虾病害发生中起到了协同作用。本研究结果可为当前对虾养殖病害防控技术提供理论支持和科学依据。     

太湖流域不同类型区河流水体磷形态分布及矿化速率

采用野外采样与室内实验相结合,对种植业(A)、养殖业(B)和生活污水(C)3种影响类型河流水体中磷的形态、矿化速率和周转时间进行分析研究。结果表明,B类型影响的河流水体中总磷(TP)、可溶解性总磷(TDP)和溶解性反应磷(SRP)浓度略高于A类型,却远低于C类型影响的河流水体;但河流水体中可酶解磷(EHP)浓度则相反,以A类型影响的河流水体最高,丰水期最高可达0.11 mg L-1,而C类型影响的河流水体EHP浓度则较低。实验数据显示受农业影响的河流水体磷的矿化速率明显高于C类型影响的河流水体,尤其在丰水期,A类型影响的河流水体中磷的矿化速率最高可达1.437 nmol L-1min-1。研究表明水体中磷的矿化速率与EHP浓度呈正相关关系;受农业影响的河流水体磷的周转时间为3～7 d,低于C类型影响的河流水体的9.1 d。以上结果说明环太湖河流水体磷的形态分布、转化与影响水体的类型密切相关,生活污水对环太湖河流总磷贡献较大,而农业生产所产生的磷其生物可利用性更强。     

凡纳滨对虾3种主要病毒和虾肝肠胞虫在辽宁地区的流行情况分析

为解决近年来辽宁地区凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei病害频发的问题,于2015年8月从辽宁省盘锦、营口地区26个发病的凡纳滨对虾养殖池塘中随机采集病虾样本,采用聚合酶链式反应(Polymerase Chain Reaction,PCR)检测对虾传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒(IHHNV)、对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)和对虾桃拉综合征病毒(TSV),并用环介导等温扩增(Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplication,LAMP)技术检测虾肝肠胞虫Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei(EHP)的感染情况。结果表明:IHHNV和EHP的检出率较高,分别为65.4%和34.6%,WSSV和TSV的检出率分别为19.2%和7.7%;EHP的检出率与对虾体型大小密切相关,在小虾样本中检出的阳性率高达100%,而大虾样本中均未检出;26份对虾样本中有7份样本同时携带EHP和IHHNV。研究表明,IHHNV和EHP是2015年8月辽宁地区凡纳滨对虾的主要流行病原,发病率可能与对虾生长缓慢、个体大小差异明显相关。