波浪作用下半潜式养殖网箱水动力特性

半潜式深远海养殖网箱在波浪作用下会发生变形与运动。为保证网箱结构的稳定性,需对其水动力特性进行分析。本研究基于有限元法建立了波浪作用下一种半潜式网箱的数值模型,通过仿真计算求解网箱的锚绳受力与运动情况。首先,将计算机模拟值与物理水槽试验值进行比较,验证数值模型的准确性。然后,分别研究了半潜式网箱在3种压载状态下的动力响应情况,分析比较了不同波浪条件下网箱锚绳张力、垂荡、纵荡和纵摇的计算结果。结果显示,计算值与试验值基本吻合,二者的相对误差在5%左右。当波高一定时,网箱迎浪侧和背浪侧锚绳受力与波浪周期改变无明显关联;当周期一定时,两侧锚绳受力均随波高的增加而增大。网箱的垂荡、纵荡及纵摇值均与波高呈正相关,随着半潜式网箱吃水的增加,网箱的垂荡、纵荡及纵摇值基本呈减小趋势。网箱在3种压载状态下最大垂荡值和纵荡值分别为12.67 m和10.59 m,网箱在空载状态下的最大纵摇值≤15°,表明半潜式网箱结构具有较好的稳定性。研究结果可为我国深远海养殖网箱设计提供理论参考。     

深海鱼体中砷含量的测定与健康风险评价

[目的]通过测定10种常见深海鱼体中砷的含量,并对海南省沿海居民经由饮食途径摄入砷的健康风险进行评估,为合理的饮食提供基础数据和参考。[方法]利用混合液（硝酸＋过氧化氢）消化样品,以盐酸作载流,采用氢化物-原子荧光法进行测定;采用目标危险系数（THQ）的方法对海南省沿海居民食用深海鱼的健康风险进行了评价。[结果]10种深海鱼的砷水平在0.018 5～0.091 2mg/kg范围内,均低于《食品中污染物限量》（GB2762-2005）对无公害海产品中砷含量的限量标准（≤0.1 mg/kg）,未出现超标现象。对成年人食用深海鱼的健康风险评估发现：海南省沿海居民长期食用带鱼、白鲳鱼、金线鱼、马鲛鱼、黄尾鱼、鲇鱼的目标危险系数大于1,存在健康风险;长期食用黄花鱼、石斑鱼、海肝鱼的目标危险系数接近1,有潜在的健康风险。[结论]在日常饮食中,合理搭配不同种类的鱼种以减少摄入重金属的健康风险,避免单一大量食用风险系数大于1的鱼种。     

我国深远海网箱养殖工程与装备技术研究综述

在远离大陆的深远海水域发展大型网箱养殖,已成为缓解近海养殖环境压力、突破资源受限和空间制约问题的重要举措。深远海网箱养殖产业的蓬勃发展,加速促进了养殖方式转型升级和海洋养殖空间大幅拓展,形成了海洋设施养殖新发展格局。本文立足我国网箱养殖产业发展现状,分析深远海网箱养殖产业发展需求、发展前景以及设施装备科技需求,详细介绍国内外深远海网箱养殖工程与有关装备技术的研究应用情况,分析我国深远海网箱养殖工程与装备发展面临的主要问题,并从科学规划、科技引领、规范建设和创新模式等方面,对深远海网箱养殖产业发展提出相关建议。     

When the species is also a habitat: Comparing the predictively modelled distributions of Lophelia pertusa and the reef habitat it forms

Internationally there is political momentum to establish networks of marine protected areas for the conservation of threatened species and habitats. Practical implementation of such networks requires an understanding of the distribution of these species and habitats. Predictive modelling provides a method by which continuous distribution maps can be produced from limited sample data. This method is particularly useful in the deep sea where a number of biological communities have been identified as vulnerable ‘habitats’, including Lophelia pertusa reefs. Recent modelling efforts have focused on predicting the distribution of this species. However the species is widely distributed where as reef habitat is not. This study uses Maxent predictive modelling to investigate whether the distribution of the species acts as a suitable proxy for the reef habitat. Models of both species and habitat distribution across Hatton Bank and George Bligh Bank are constructed using multibeam bathymetry, interpreted substrate and geomorphology layers, and derived layers of bathymetric position index (BPI), rugosity, slope and aspect. Species and reef presence records were obtained from video observations. For both models performance is fair to excellent assessed using AUC and additional threshold dependant metrics. 7.17% of the study area is predicted as highly suitable for the species presence while only 0.56% is suitable for reef presence, using the sensitivity–specificity sum maximisation approach to determine the appropriate threshold. Substrate is the most important variable in the both models followed by geomorphology in the RD model and fine scale BPI in the SD model. The difference in the distributions of reef and species suggest that mapping efforts should focus on the habitat rather than the species at fine (100 m) scales.     

我国远洋鱿钓渔业发展浅析

探讨了该产业现阶段发展状况及存在问题,指出我国鱿钓渔业应该在可持续发展的前提下,开展精细策划,提高经济效益;增强掌控市场的能力,实现订单渔业,避免增产不增收;走产学研相结合的信息化道路,培养国际性渔业人才;政府应该加大扶持力度,政策上加以引导,增加综合性补贴;通过鱿钓渔业的装备和船舶更新等拉动内需,缓解金融危机下的就业压力。     

深海网箱养殖与传统网箱养殖比较研究

深海网箱养殖技术是近20年才发展起来的一种全新的养殖方式,它充分结合了当代的计算机技术、新材料技术、防腐蚀技术、防污损技术及抗紫外线技术等高新技术。本文通过对深海网箱养殖和传统网箱养殖在箱体、框架、浮力装置和固定装置等方面进行细致的比较研究,找出深海网箱养殖的一些优势所在,希望能为以后研究者提供一些参考。     

Deep-water scleractinian corals promote higher biodiversity in deep-sea meiofaunal assemblages along continental margins

Deep-water coral ecosystems are hot spots of biodiversity and provide habitats and refuges for several deep-sea species. However, their role in shaping the biodiversity of the surrounding open slopes is still poorly known. We investigated how meiofaunal biodiversity varies with and is related to the occurrence of deep-water living scleractinian corals and coral rubble in two deep-sea areas (the Rockall Bank, north-eastern Atlantic) and the Santa Maria di Leuca (central Mediterranean). In both areas, replicated sampling on alive and dead coral areas and from the adjacent slope sediments without corals (at the same and increasing depths) allowed us to demonstrate that sediments surrounding the living corals and coral rubble were characterised by higher meiofaunal biodiversity (as number of higher taxa, and nematode species richness) than the slope sediments. Despite the soft sediments surrounding the living coral having a higher nutritional value than those not associated with corals, with the opposite seen for coral rubble, the presence of both alive and dead corals had a significant effect on nematode assemblages. Our data suggest that, due particularly to the effects on habitat heterogeneity/complexity, both living coral and coral rubble promoted higher biodiversity levels than in surrounding slope sediments. We conclude that the protection of deep-water corals can be crucial to preserve the biodiversity of surrounding open slopes, and that the protection of dead corals, a so-far almost neglected habitat in terms of biological conservation, can further contribute to the maintenance of a high deep-sea biodiversity along continental margins.     

卵形鲳鲹高效低鱼粉配合饲料在深海网箱养殖中的应用效果评估

前期研究表明，卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)高效低鱼粉配合饲料在池塘网箱养殖中展现出优良效果。为进一步评估该饲料在深海网箱养殖中的应用效果，本研究基于该饲料配方，委托某饲料公司采用大规模生产工艺(基于饲料厂大机器、大规模生产条件下进行饲料生产，每小时生产量达十多吨，且具有喷油机等设备，通过外喷添加脂肪源)生产实验饲料(粗蛋白47.66%，粗脂肪7.98%)，以某知名品牌的商品饲料为对照(粗蛋白47.75%，粗脂肪9.63%)，利用上述2种饲料，于深海网箱(周长60 m)养殖大规格卵形鲳鲹(平均体重约为262 g) 33 d。结果显示，2种饲料组鱼的生长性能无统计学差异(P>0.05)，然而，相比于商品料组，实验料组鱼的增重率和特定生长率分别提高了14.43%和8.19%，日均增重提高0.68 g；在肌肉营养成分和质构特性方面，实验组鱼肌肉脂肪含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)，但其水分显著降低(P<0.05)；两组间鱼肌肉品质和质构特性无显著性差异(P>0.05)。相比于商品料组，实验料组鱼血清总蛋白、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白含量及谷草转氨酶活性均显著降低(P<0.05)，实验组鱼肝脏总胆固醇含量显著降低(P<0.05)，但两组间鱼肝脏抗氧化能力无显著性差异(P>0.05)；此外，实验料每养成1 kg鱼的饲料成本比商品料低18.80%，总养殖效益提高62.12%。研究结果表明，与商品料相比，实验料(卵形鲳鲹高效低鱼粉配合饲料)不仅具有优良的促生长效果，且能够提升肌肉脂肪水平、改善卵形鲳鲹的血脂代谢、提高养殖经济效益。这说明该高效低鱼粉配合饲料可在卵形鲳鲹养殖生产中大规模推广应用。     

深远海大型围栏养殖大黄鱼海域沉积物质量分析与评价

为评价深远海大型围栏养殖大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)海域的沉积物质量状况，通过对大黄鱼不同养殖期围栏养殖区、围栏外围区、网箱外围区和对照区的4次调查，分析评价了调查海域沉积物中的Cu、Zn、有机碳、硫化物等指标的区域分布、含量变化及污染水平，并采用内梅罗指数对调查海域沉积物进行了质量综合评价。结果显示，4次调查大黄鱼围栏养殖区沉积物Cu的含量范围为15~33 mg/kg，Zn的含量范围为80~137 mg/kg，有机碳的含量范围为0.14%~1.90%，硫化物的含量范围为0.3~128.0 mg/kg。围栏中心区沉积物有机碳、硫化物的含量比其他区域高，但均符合《海洋沉积物质量》(GB18668-2002)中的一类标准。不同调查区域沉积物Cu、Zn和有机碳的含量差异不显著(P>0.05)，围栏中心养殖区沉积物硫化物含量显著高于对照区(P<0.05)。内梅罗综合评价结果表明，调查区域沉积物质量均为清洁或较清洁状态，沉积物质量符合海水养殖标准。沉积物Cu、Zn和硫化物未表现出明显的累积趋势，沉积物有机碳在本调查时间内有轻微累积的趋势，建议通过加强大黄鱼配合饲料的研发与应用，以缓解目前冰鲜鱼饵料大规模投入的状况，降低饵料系数，从而在一定水平上减轻有机质累积对沉积环境的污染。     

我国深远海大型围栏养殖发展现状与展望

深远海大型围栏养殖是我国海水养殖业结构调整和产业升级中新兴的养殖模式之一，具有养殖面积大、鱼类活动空间大、养殖环境更近自然和养殖鱼类品质明显提升等特点。本文在介绍围网养殖发展概况、深远海养殖内涵的基础上，重点概述了我国深远海大型围栏养殖发展现状及其研究进展，并对今后的发展方向加以展望，为我国深远海大型围栏智能化生态养殖模式的构建提供参考。