The Characterization of Heavy Metals in the Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) Cultivar Rkatsiteli and Wild Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) from East Serbia by ICP-OES and BAFs

Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, in combination with calculation of various biological factors, was used in this study not only for a simple illustration of the present status of some essential and non-essential metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd) in the grapevine cultivar Rkatsiteli and wild blackberry from East Serbia but also for the estimation of plant bioaccumulation potentials. Great majority of detected metal concentrations were in normal ranges except in few cases: Zn concentrations were at the level of deficiency in almost all plant parts, and some Cu and As concentrations were at the levels that could be considered phytotoxic. Biological accumulation factors provided very informative data on metal accumulation and translocation in both plants and pointed to low accumulation rates of metals except in the case of Cu, Zn, and As in some wild blackberry tissues.     

Restoration of saline land by halophytes for Indian soils

Usually saline soils were reclamized by chemical or mechanical remediation, since the cost of leaching technique for saline soil reclamation is higher in India. In the present study an attempt has been made to investigate to identify the fast and luxuriantly growing halophytic herbs which are salt accumulators and to assess the feasibility of salt bioaccumulation. From the results it is concluded that among six species studied Suaeda maritima and Sesuvium portulacastrum exhibited greater accumulation of salts in their tissues as well as higher reduction of salts in the soil medium.     

大型真菌重金属富集的研究进展

大型真菌是一类重要的生物资源,在自然界物质循环和维持生态平衡中发挥着非常重要的作用。自从大型真菌富集重金属的富集特性被发现以来,国内外的相关研究陆续展开。从大型真菌的重金属富集作用和重金属超积累作用、大型真菌富集重金属的生理生化机制及大型真菌重金属富集特性的应用等方面,总结、评述了大型真菌重金属富集方面的研究进展。     

甲氰菊酯在土壤中的降解及对蚯蚓的毒性效应研究

拟除虫菊酯作为全球第三大杀虫剂品种，在农业生产中广泛使用，同时也带来了一系列不利的环境影响。然而，目前有关拟除虫菊酯在土壤环境中的残留行为和风险评估报道较少。以典型拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂甲氰菊酯(FEN)为研究对象，重点探究其在不同性质土壤中的降解行为以及对典型土壤生物蚯蚓的毒性效应。结果表明，甲氰菊酯在碱性土壤中的降解速度快于酸性土壤，同时在非灭菌土壤中的降解速度为灭菌土壤的4倍。因此，土壤酸碱度和微生物是影响FEN在土壤中降解快慢的主要因素。此外，在降解过程中检测到甲氰菊酯主要代谢物3-苯氧基苯甲酸(3-PBA)的生成。蚯蚓富集结果表明，FEN在蚯蚓体内的含量先升高后降低，最大生物富集因子为0.3。亚急性毒性结果表明，高剂量（5 mg?kg-1）甲氰菊酯暴露14 d后，蚯蚓体内蛋白质含量显著降低（P<0.05），细胞色素P450（CYP450）、羧酸酯酶（CarE）、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶（GST）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量均显著增加（P<0.05），同时存在剂量效应，证实土壤中残留的FEN对蚯蚓具有毒性效应。本文对甲氰菊酯在土壤环境中的降解行为研究以及生态毒性风险评估具有重要的指导意义。     

Beluga (Huso huso, Brandet 1869) bioenergetics under dietary methylmercury

Recently, there have been reports of increasing amounts of mercury (Hg) in muscles of beluga (Huso huso, Brandet 1869) in the Caspian Sea which exceeds its guideline level for food in the UK. Our intensive effort was to investigate the effects of dietary methylmercury (MeHg) on Beluga bioenergetics. Beluga juveniles were fed with four diets containing MeHg (control: 0.04 mg kg⁻¹; low: 0.76 mg kg⁻¹; medium: 7.88 mg kg⁻¹; and high: 16.22 mg kg⁻¹) for 70 days. There were significant differences in food consumption among the treatment groups. After 42 days, all individuals of the high dose died. After 35 and 70 days, all treatment groups (low, medium and high) showed a significant decline in their growth rate, unlike the control group. They also showed considerable lower specific growth rates (SGR) comparing to the control group. All treatment groups assimilated the dietary MeHg into their muscle tissue in a dose-dependent manner. Assimilation percent was significant among the treatment groups at days 35 and 70, but it was lower in the first 35 days than in the second 35 days. The data obtained from the dietary MeHg concentration and bioaccumulation rates were modeled for better natural resources management of the Caspian Sea.     

The effect of pH and calcium on copper availability to the springtail Folsomia candida in simplified soil solutions

The effect of pH and calcium on copper bioavailability to the springtail Folsomia candida was determined by assessing uptake kinetics upon copper exposure for 15 days in simplified soil solutions. A slight bioaccumulation of copper was observed in all treatments and controls. The effect of exposure concentration and calcium level on copper accumulation was not significant. Although pH and time slightly but significantly affected copper concentrations in the body, copper uptake rates were not significantly different from zero. This suggests that copper uptake in F. candida exposed to sub-lethal copper concentrations in soil pore water is not affected by pH and calcium.     

蚯蚓蓄积疏水性有机污染物的过程及预测模型

简述了蚯蚓蓄积疏水性有机污染物(HOC)的过程和影响因素,并介绍了几种预测蚯蚓蓄积疏水性有机污染物的模型,包括经验模型、速率模型、平衡分配模型、机制模型和逸度模型。一般地,蚯蚓蓄积疏水性有机污染物的途径包括经口和经皮两条,主要方式是简单扩散,其中对于大多数疏水性有机污染物,经皮途径占主导地位,然而随着疏水性的提高(logK ow5),经口途径贡献增大,尤其是在有机质含量高的土壤中。不同的蓄积预测模型除速率模型外均是基于三个假设:(1)疏水性有机污染物,主要是持久性有机污染物,在土壤-蚯蚓系统间的基本行为是土壤固液之间和蚯蚓生物相之间的分配平衡过程;(2)蚯蚓的脂肪相是此类污染物的主要蓄积库;(3)污染物在蚯蚓体内不存在或者存在可忽略的代谢和生物转化过程。最后提出未来的研究应该重视疏水性有机污染物在蚯蚓体的内部行为如分布,以更好地了解蚯蚓毒理上的相关信息。     

铜在河南华溪蟹主要组织器官中的积累

于2005年3~6月,以暴露方式,研究了铜(Cu2+)在河南华溪蟹(Sinopotamon honanense)肌肉和性腺中的积累与分布情况。4个Cu2+处理组浓度依次为5.12、16.18、51.13和161.56 mg/L。分别于处理后的24、721、20和168 h,取材、消化、测定Cu2+的含量。结果显示,铜在组织器官中的积累具有组织选择性。铜在肌肉中的积累趋势明显。同一时间,铜的积累随着浓度的升高而增加,具有明显的浓度-效应关系。同一浓度,铜的积累基本表现为随着时间的延长先升高后降低;铜在性腺中的积累趋势基本表现为随着暴露时间的延长呈现先升高后下降的趋势。     

落花生对中铜与锰的富集能力研究

[目的】研究落花生对中铜与锰的富集能力。【方法】通过水培的方法,研究落花生对铜和锰的吸收及修复水体能力。经过25d的培养后,用酸消解植物,采用分光光度计法测定植物中的铜和锰的含量。[结果]结果表明,与对照组相比,试验组处理25d后,落花生生长状况受重金属离子的影响明显,其中高浓度组有些种苗出现腐烂情况,并且生长明显比其他组缓慢。从、蒯定结果来看,低、中、高浓度处理组中落花生对铜离子平均吸收量分别为115．2、127．2、69．4mg／kg,都显著高于对照组合量（8．2mg／kg）,说明落花生对铜有一定富集能力;而在低、中、高的重金属浓度下,落花生对锰离子的平均吸收量分别为30．4、24．0、24．7μg／kg,与对照组锰离子的含量（19．2μg／kg）无明显差异,落花生对锰的富集效果并不理想。[结论】落花生适用于低、中浓度重金属铜污染水体或土壤的生态修复。     

Zinc-Induced Changes in Growth Characters,Foliar Properties,and Zn-Accumulation Capacity of Pigeon Pea at Different Stages of Plant Growth

Application of zinc (Zn) [50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 μ g zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄)/g of soil] reduced the foliage and the total growth of pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (Linn.) Huth]. The root-shoot length ratio, varying little with age, was relatively low in the treated plants. Decrease in dry weights of stem and root was more pronounced in the late stages of plant development. The root-shoot dry weight ratio, maximum in the flowering stage, was lower in treated plants than in the control. Number of pods per plant declined, showing a positive correlation with Zn concentration. Net photosynthetic rate, declining with plant age, was significantly low in the treated plants. Density and size of stomata and trichomes, stomatal conductance, intercellular carbon dioxide concentration, quantity of green pigments, nitrate reductase activity, and the nitrate and protein contents in the leaves also declined significantly. Proportion of vascular tissues both in stems and roots increased with plant age with a concomitant reduction of pith and cortex. Under zinc stress, the relative proportion of tissues varied inconsistently. Dimensions of vessel elements and fibers in stems and roots, increasing with the plant age, were always smaller in the treated plants. The vulnerability factor and mesomorphic ratio of treated plants declined, suggesting induction of water stress due to zinc treatments. Accumulation of Zn^{2 +} in different plant parts was considerably high at each developmental stage of the treated plants, and showed a positive correlation with Zn in the soil.