蚯蚓蓄积疏水性有机污染物的过程及预测模型

简述了蚯蚓蓄积疏水性有机污染物(HOC)的过程和影响因素,并介绍了几种预测蚯蚓蓄积疏水性有机污染物的模型,包括经验模型、速率模型、平衡分配模型、机制模型和逸度模型。一般地,蚯蚓蓄积疏水性有机污染物的途径包括经口和经皮两条,主要方式是简单扩散,其中对于大多数疏水性有机污染物,经皮途径占主导地位,然而随着疏水性的提高(logK ow5),经口途径贡献增大,尤其是在有机质含量高的土壤中。不同的蓄积预测模型除速率模型外均是基于三个假设:(1)疏水性有机污染物,主要是持久性有机污染物,在土壤-蚯蚓系统间的基本行为是土壤固液之间和蚯蚓生物相之间的分配平衡过程;(2)蚯蚓的脂肪相是此类污染物的主要蓄积库;(3)污染物在蚯蚓体内不存在或者存在可忽略的代谢和生物转化过程。最后提出未来的研究应该重视疏水性有机污染物在蚯蚓体的内部行为如分布,以更好地了解蚯蚓毒理上的相关信息。     

蚯蚓对污染物的生物富集与环境指示作用

蚯蚓在陆地生态系统中具有十分重要的功能,是污染物从土壤到生物,进而向食物链更高营养级转移的重要环节。总结了蚯蚓对土壤污染物进行生物富集的途径：扩散作用和摄食作用;分析了土壤重金属和有机污染物在蚯蚓体内的生物富集规律和蚯蚓对污染胁迫的生理响应,提出利用蚯蚓体内的敏感生理生化指标作为生物标记物对污染土壤进行生态毒理诊断的新思路。     

黑木耳菌丝及子实体对铬的富集研究

食用菌对多种重金属都有富集特性,因此应更关注食用菌的栽培和食用安全性。本研究中,选择了黑木耳的2株野生菌株YAASM1399、YAASM1402和2株栽培菌株YAASM2691、YAASM2692,测定当培养基质中Cd浓度不同的条件下,摇瓶液态培养的菌丝体及袋料栽培的子实体中的Cd浓度变化。结果表明,随着培养基质中Cd浓度的增加,菌丝体中的Cd浓度在极显著增加,而子实体中Cd浓度增加趋势较为平缓,培养基质中Cd浓度相同的情况下,菌丝体中的Cd浓度是子实体中的10倍～20倍;当培养基质中Cd浓度达到0.61 mg.kg-1时,只有菌株YAASM2692的子实体中Cd浓度为0.74 mg.kg-1,其它菌株子实体中的Cd浓度均已超过国家卫生要求标准1.0 mg.kg-1。     

太湖地区高效除氮浮萍品种的筛选及其除氮机理的初步研究

农业面源污染是引起太湖水体富营养化的重要因素,而植物生态工程技术在面源污染的治理中起到了很大的作用。本文调查和收集了太湖地区13个稻田浮萍种质资源,研究了不同浮萍品种对低浓度稻田排水中氮（N）素的去除效果及其初步除N机理。结果表明,在实验营养条件下,4种浮萍品种中紫背浮萍（Spirodela polyrrhiza）具有最高的N去除效率,其次是少根紫萍（Spirodela oligorrhiza）或稀脉浮萍（Lemna perpusilla）,而除N效果最低的品种是青萍（Lemna minor）。供试材料对水体中总N的去除率范围为57.3% ~ 85.2%,其中紫背浮萍HZ1具有最高的去除效果,15天后总N去除率可达到85%,青萍WX3去除效果最低,15天后去除率仅为57%。两个浮萍品种进行比较发现,HZ1生物量增长速度慢,鲜重和干重平均倍增时间分别为7.96天和7.82天,而WX3的鲜重和干重倍增时间分别为5.20天和4.73天。另一方面,HZ1和WX3的含N量分别为4.9% 和5.7%。由此可以推知,紫背浮萍HZ1高效除N的主要机理不是通过生物体吸收,而更可能是微生物或化学作用共同引起。     

Bioaccumulation of gold in macrofungi and ectomycorrhizae from the vicinity of the Mokrsko gold deposit, Czech Republic

Samples of macrofungi collected in the vicinity of the Mokrsko gold deposit were analyzed for Au by INAA and ICP-MS. Ectomycorrhizal fungi yielded from 0.88 to 564 μg kg⁻¹ Au (dry weight) in 79 samples. Saprobic fungi (75 samples) from the same locations yielded significantly higher concentrations: 3-7739 μg kg⁻¹ Au (dry weight), with the highest contents in Lycoperdon perlatum. These are the highest recorded concentrations of Au in naturally-occurring fungi/vascular plants. Concentrations of Au in ectomycorrhizae were approximately 4-10 times higher than those in fine roots. It appears that saprobic fungi, namely several terrestrial saprobes of the genera Agaricus and Lycoperdon, are more efficient than ectomycorrhizal fungi at taking up Au, probably assisted by other microbiota and/or by a range of naturally-occurring compounds that have yet to be identified. The present data demonstrate that macrofungi are involved in the biogeochemical cycling of Au.     

Endocrine disruption and metabolic changes following exposure of Cyprinus carpio to diethyl phthalate

Diethyl phthalate (DEP) enter into aquatic environment from industries manufacturing cosmetics, plastic and many commercial products and can pose potential fish and human health hazard. This experiment evaluated effects of DEP in adult male (89 g) common carp (Cyprinus carpio) by exposing them to fractions of LC₅₀ (1/500-1/2.5) doses with every change of water for 28 days. Vitellogenin induction metabolic enzymes, somatic indices and bioaccumulation were studied on 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day. The 96th hour LC₅₀ of DEP in fingerlings was found to be 48 mg/L. Compared to control, except increase (P < 0.01) in alkaline phosphatase activity (EC 3.1.3.1) and liver size, there was decrease (P < 0.01) in activity of acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2), aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2) and testiculosomatic index following exposure to 1, 5 and 20 ppm DEP. Significant (P < 0.01) dose dependant vitellogenin induction was observed with exposure of fish to 0.1, 1 and 5 ppm DEP. The bioaccumulation of DEP in testis, liver, brain, gills and more importantly in muscle tissues of fish increased significantly (P < 0.01) with increase of dose from 1 to 5 ppm. Significant interaction (P < 0.01) of dose and duration of exposure indicated that exposure period of a week to two was sufficient to bring about changes in quantifiable parameters studied. Fish exposed to 20 ppm DEP became lethargic and discolored during onset of the 4th week. This is the first report describing metabolic changes and vitellogenin induction following exposure of C. carpio to DEP dose that is as low as 1/500th fraction of LC₅₀.     

北京市菜地土壤和蔬菜铅含量及其健康风险评估

【目的】研究北京市菜地土壤和蔬菜铅含量及其健康风险，筛选出抗铅污染能力强的蔬菜品种，为北京市蔬菜食用安全性评估和种植结构优化提供参考依据。【方法】根据各品种蔬菜消费量优先和兼顾品种多样性的原则采集蔬菜样品，计算北京市居民蔬菜铅平均摄入量及其健康风险，利用蔬菜铅富集系数筛选抗铅污染品种。【结果】北京市菜地土壤铅含量范围、算术均值和几何均值分别为13.2～78.8、30.3和28.7 mg·kg-1，蔬菜铅含量范围、中值、算术均值和Box-Cox均值分别为0.1～654.5、51.3、80.9和48.7 μg·kg-1FW，基于《食品中铅限量卫生标准》的综合超标率为9.2%；北京市本地产和裸露地蔬菜铅浓度分别显著高于市售外地产蔬菜和设施栽培蔬菜；叶甜菜抗铅污染能力最强，其次是黄瓜、冬瓜、大白菜、茄子、大葱、西红柿和甘蓝，而云架豆、萝卜、辣椒和小白菜抗铅污染能力最差；北京市成人和儿童蔬菜铅人均每天的摄入量为16.6和13.6 μg。【结论】北京市菜地土壤铅积累明显，蔬菜铅对北京市居民（尤其是儿童）的健康存在较大威胁。     

长江三角洲地区土壤环境质量与修复研究 Ⅱ.典型污染区农田生态系统中二噁英/呋喃(PCDD/Fs)的生物积累及其健康风险

对长江三角洲地区某典型污染区农田生态系统和部分农产品中多氯代二苯并二嘿英（PCDDs）／呋喃（PCDFs）的污染特征、生物富集及潜在健康风险进行了初步研究。结果表明，该地区局部农田土壤中PCDD／Fs含量及毒性当量平均达556 pg g^-1dw和TEQ 20．2 pg g^-1dw，已在不同农产品中明显积累，其中稻米中PCDD／Fs含量及毒性当量为50．7 pg g^-1dw和TEQ6．4 pg g^-1dw，蔬菜茎叶中为35．2 pg g^-1dw和TEQ6．7 pg g^-1dw；当地家禽鸡肉中PCDD／Fs含量及毒性当量为30．9 pg g^-1ww和TEQ5．7 pg g^-1ww。日允许摄入量（TDI）计算结果表明，经稻米-蔬菜、稻米-蔬菜-鱼腥草、稻米-蔬菜-鱼腥草-鸡肉三种暴露途径至人体的PCDD／Fs日摄入量分别为TEQ67．4、72．1、83．5Pg kg^-1d^-1，均远远超过世界卫生组织（WHO）制定的TDI标准（TEQ 1-4pg ks^-1d^-1）。该地区局部农田生态系统及部分农产品中存在二嘿英类（PCDD／Fs）污染，已构成较大的人体健康风险。     

The effect of feeding behavior on Hg accumulation in the ecophysiologically different earthworms Lumbricus terrestris and Octolaseon cyaneum: A microcosm experiment

 A soil microcosm experiment was performed to assess the uptake of Hg from various Hg-spiked food sources (soil, leaf litter and root litter of Trifolium alexandrinum) by two earthworm species, Lumbricus terrestris (anecic) and Octolaseon cyaneum (endogeic). Treatments were applied in which one of the three food sources was Hg spiked and the other two were not. Additional treatments in which all or none of the food sources were Hg spiked were used as controls. Uptake of Hg from soil into tissues of both earthworm species was significantly higher than uptake of Hg from leaf litter or root litter, indicating that soil may be the most important pool for the uptake of Hg into earthworms. In addition, the anecic L. terrestris significantly accumulated Hg from all Hg-spiked food sources (leaf litter, root litter and soil), whereas the endogeic O. cyaneum took up Hg mainly from soil particles. Interestingly, there was no further increase in Hg in L. terrestris when all food sources were Hg spiked compared to the single Hg-spiked sources. This may be attributed to the relatively high Hg content in the soil, which may have influenced the feeding behavior of the earthworms, although their biomass did not significantly decline. We suggest that, in addition to the physiological differences, feeding behavior may also play a role in the contrasting uptake of Hg by the two earthworm species.     

土壤中钨的环境行为与潜在风险：研究进展与展望

钨（W）已被美国环境保护署（EPA）列为一种新兴污染物。钨可通过多种途径在土壤中累积,进一步对土壤环境和生物生态系统造成潜在危害,而目前人类对土壤中钨的赋存、生物地球化学循环和生态风险等方面的认识严重不足。结合国内外研究进展和本课题组的试验数据,系统梳理了典型区域土壤钨含量水平、钨在土壤中的环境界面行为以及钨在生物中的富集特征和潜在健康风险。指出目前该研究领域存在的科学问题与研究方向,旨在呼吁更多学者关注土壤系统中钨的生态环境风险、生物地球化学过程及风险管控与治理修复。