抗条锈病小麦-滨麦Lm#3Ns二体异附加系的分子细胞遗传学鉴定

滨麦(Leymus mollis)是小麦的三级基因源,具有改良小麦所需的许多优良性状。为了将滨麦中的优异基因导入到普通小麦中,通过远缘杂交获得小麦-滨麦异附加系、异代换系、易位系,以选自普通小麦7182与滨麦衍生后代M42(2n=54)F_6代的株系M11005-1-2-7-10-1-1(M11005A)为供试材料,对其进行了形态学、细胞学、原位杂交、分子标记、抗病性等综合鉴定。细胞学观察结果显示,M11005A有44条染色体且配对良好,可以稳定遗传。原位杂交及分子标记结果表明,M11005A含有42条普通小麦染色体和1对来自滨麦Lm#3Ns的染色体,并且用Oligo-pTa535探针得到了Lm#3Ns的FISH核型;筛选出6个EST及8个PLUG特异分子标记可以用来鉴定Lm#3Ns染色体,其中只有1个EST和4个PLUG标记可以同时在M11005A中扩增出滨麦和华山新麦草的条带,说明滨麦的Lm#3Ns染色体与华山新麦草的3Ns基因组之间存在差异。M11005A的穗长、穗型、小穗数、千粒重与亲本7182无显著差异,但分蘖数较7182显著增加,株高显著降低。抗条锈病鉴定结果显示,苗期M11005A对条锈菌生理小种CYR29和CYR34表现高抗,对CYR32表现高感,成株期对CYR32和CYR33混合小种表现高抗,推测滨麦的Lm#3Ns染色体携带对CYR29和CYR34小种的抗性基因,又携带了成株期对CYR32和CYR33的抗性基因。因此,M11005A可以作为抗源应用于小麦的条锈病抗性改良中。     

级进模自动排样冲切刃口设计

针对级进模难于实现自动化的排样问题,通过对不满足悬臂和凹槽强度检验要求的多义线进行分析和对外形轮廓的分解与重组,对级进冲裁模排样系统中冲裁零件的冲切刃口进行了分析与设计;同时为保证凹模壁厚达到强度要求,在分析冲切刃口的干涉关系的基础上,根据分析结果设计了程序,该程序能够自动重新生成级进模各工位的冲切刃口和外形,以实现级进模的自动工序排样。     

Effects of strip wise tillage in combination with liming on chemical and physical properties of acidic spruce forest soils after clear cutting

We investigated the initial effects of strip wise soil loosening (0–35 cm depth) on soil chemical and physical parameters by using a deeply working rotary cultivator in combination with liming and mixing of the dolomite with the soil material of acidic forests. The investigations took place 8 months after the treatment. pH values and contents of exchangeable Ca and Mg increased significantly at the tilled depth whereas the content of exchangeable Al and easily soluble P decreased. The rate of mineralisation increased at this depth which was shown by a loss of Corg, Ntot and short-term loss of NO₃-N. The treatment led to a mobilisation of Mn at the tilled depth. However, the content of exchangeable Pb decreased due to an increased pH value. Below the tillage depth of 35 cm only partly significant changes of exchangeable Mn and NO₃-N were found. The total porosity and bulk density at 10–15 and 40–45 cm depths were not significantly different from those in the control plot, but the rate of infiltration increased significantly.     

种植方式和密度对夏玉米子粒灌浆特征的影响

以郑单958为材料,在67 500株/hm²和82 500株/hm²两个种植密度水平下,以常规等行距种植方式为对照,设置3种不同缩行宽带种植方式（3行一带、4行一带、5行一带）,进行连续两年比较研究。结果表明,缩行宽带种植方式增产显著,其中,3行一带种植方式高密度水平下产量最高。通过Logistic方程拟合,缩行宽带各种植方式中,高密度下灌浆时间持续期均值较对照等行距方式增加1.2～10.2 d。无论是高密度还是中等密度条件下,3行一带种植方式平均灌浆速率（R）、最大灌浆速率（R_max）、最终百粒重及渐增期灌浆速率（R₁）均较高。因此,3行一带缩行宽带种植方式子粒灌浆特性较优。     

采伐林隙及施肥对林下更新层闽楠生长的影响

为提高林下闽楠更新层营建成效,在福建明溪进行采伐林隙和施肥试验。结果表明,不同采伐林隙对更新层闽楠的树高、地径、冠幅和高径比有着显著性以上的影响。在促进更新层闽楠生长方面,带状间伐林隙更新效果最好,均匀间伐林隙更新次之,直接套种最差。不同施肥处理对更新层闽楠的树高、地径、冠幅和高径比有着显著性以上的影响。在促进更新层闽楠生长方面,带肥造林最好,追肥次之,不施肥(空白对照)最差。研究表明选择带状间伐林隙更新,采用大容器苗造林和带肥造林是林下闽楠更新层培育的关键技术措施。     

立体种植农田不同生育期及土壤水分的根系分布特征

在立体种植农田中,作物根系分布是影响作物间水肥竞争及利用效率的首要因素。针对滴灌条件下番茄套种玉米立体种植农田设置高(T1)、中(T2)、低(T3)3个土壤水分处理,研究不同水分处理对立体种植农田不同位置土壤含水率、作物根系分布的影响,探讨立体种植农田根系在不同生育期生长发育特征。结果显示:立体种植农田番茄侧土壤含水率平均值显著低于玉米侧,膜内土壤含水率明显高于膜外土壤含水率,膜内不同位置土壤含水率无明显差异;随着生育期的推进作物间根系呈"不交叉—轻度交叉—完全交叉—轻度交叉"规律;随着土壤含水率的增加根系总量呈增长趋势,在0~30 cm的滴灌湿润区,作物根系分布最密集,约占总根系的60%~70%,且高水分处理根量显著大于低水分处理,根长密度、根表面积密度、根体积密度以及根重密度均呈现T1T2T3的趋势,而在非滴灌主要湿润区则正好相反;累积根系分布曲线分析显示随着土壤含水率增加根系向土壤下层生长,随着生育期推进根系向作物中间发展。立体种植农田作物在不同生育期根系分布变化明显,同时土壤水分对根系分布影响较大。     

Yield and quality components of silage maize in killed and live cover crop sods

In sloping areas with high precipitation, planting maize into live winter cover crop sods may help to alleviate the environmental problems associated with clean-tillage production systems of maize. The present study evaluates the performance of silage maize (Zea mays L.) under several cultivation methods: CC (conventional cropping system, i.e., maize was sown into the bare, autumn-ploughed soil); LGS/CK (maize was planted into a living Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) sod which was subsequently herbicidally killed); and LGS/MR (similar to LGS/CK, but the ryegrass was mechanically regulated). The research was conducted in the midlands of Switzerland on a fertile sandy loam under humid conditions during three cropping seasons. With 110 kg N ha⁻¹ (fertilizer nitrogen plus mineral nitrogen of the soil at maize planting), the CC system was much more productive than were the LGS/CK and LGS/MR systems in terms of dry matter and nitrogen yields of maize. Increasing the nitrogen supply to 250 kg N ha⁻¹ considerably reduced the yield advantage of CC over the LGS/CK and LGS/MR systems, indicating that nitrogen was the most limiting factor for maize yield in the mulch seeding systems. With 250 kg N ha⁻¹, the LGS/CK and LGS/MR systems produced greater total yields of digestible organic matter (maize plus ryegrass) than did the CC system, whereas the total nitrogen yield was similar for all cropping systems. The whole-shoot concentrations of nitrogen were highest under CC, irrespective of the level of nitrogen supply. With 110 kg N ha⁻¹, concentrations of phosphorus and magnesium were clearly higher for the mulch seeding systems. There were only minor differences among the cropping methods in the concentrations of potassium and calcium in the whole shoot. When 250 kg N ha⁻¹ were applied, there were no significant variations among the cropping systems in the concentrations of minerals. Changes in the botanical composition of the cover crop sod and in the time and method of cover crop control may help to reduce the competition for nitrogen between maize and the living mulch.     

带状留茬间作减轻旱作农田土壤风蚀的生态效应研究

针对阴山北麓农牧交错带干旱少雨,风大风多,风蚀沙化严重的现状,深入分析了影响农田风蚀沙化的各种因素,研究提出了防沙型带状留茬间作轮作技术。结果表明:采用带状留茬间作轮作技术,冬春风蚀季节可以降低留茬带风蚀量幅度基本为68.5%～88.7%,由于留茬带的保护作用,降低间作裸露带风蚀量幅度为42.4%～68.3%。在减轻风蚀的同时,带状留茬间作轮作保持了由于秋季耕翻松土的多蓄降水作用,降低了冬春季节近地面风速和水分蒸发,同时还拦截了冬雪,播种时有留茬带保护的间作裸露带0～1m土层贮水量提高15～41.5mm。由于带状留茬间作轮作的集水、保墒和边际效应,增产作用明显,增产幅度为12%～75%。     

柳枝稷植被过滤带拦污增效试验初步研究

针对黄土高原严重水土流失引起面源污染与水资源紧缺的问题,在自主研发设计的坡地高效农业用水滤清系统基础上,通过6组不同雨强的模拟降雨试验,分析了不同雨强下坡地径流中污染物输出特征,研究了不同长度的柳枝稷植被过滤带对污染物的净化效果,并对植被过滤带柳枝稷的生产效益进行了评价。结果表明:坡面径流中泥沙和总磷含量随雨强的增加而增加,总氮含量随雨强的增加而减小,COD含量随雨强增加先减小后增加。3 m长和5 m长的柳枝稷植被过滤带都能显著削减径流中的泥沙和总磷含量,而两种长度的削减作用间无显著差异;5 m长过滤带还能显著削减径流中COD含量,整个过滤带对总氮的削减效果不明显。过滤带柳枝稷产量和品质均优于大田种植柳枝稷,过滤带内距径流入口越近柳枝稷干物质产量越高,过滤带柳枝稷单位面积干物产量提高29%,蛋白质产量增加53%,淀粉产量增加23%。滤清系统柳枝稷植被过滤带不但能有效拦截水沙和面源污染物,而且能够将所拦截污染物作为肥料吸收利用,高效利用水土资源,在黄土高原地区有广泛的应用前景。     

秸秆“富集深还”新模式及工程技术

针对长期浅耕造成的土壤亚表层缺乏有机质和过于紧实以及目前秸秆还田成本高或效果差的实际问题,提出了一种简单而有效的快速松土培肥的秸秆还田新模式及相应机具创新和田间工程技术。该技术模式是基于优先快速培肥土壤亚表层的新理念,在条带轮耕深松土壤的同时,将秸秆富集深埋于指定条带的土壤亚表层。将这种秸秆还田新模式称为秸秆富集深埋还田(简称"富集深还"),其主要工程技术是发明研制了秸秆深还筒式犁新机具,通过机械化手段将秸秆富集、粉碎、埋入土壤。具体步骤包括:(1)用指盘式搂草机将玉米秸秆按4∶1~8∶1富集归行;(2)用秸秆还田筒式犁一体机将秸秆粉碎、风力注入指定条带土壤20~40 cm;(3)用免耕播种机在非埋秸秆条带正常免耕播种,实现种还分离,即种植条带(窄行)与埋秸秆条带(宽行)分离。该模式具有秸秆翻压还田与覆盖还田的优点,而克服二者各自的缺点,是秸秆还田与条带少免耕的完美结合,能够实现玉米秸秆连年、机械化全量还田,且不打乱土层顺序、不影响第二年种植。秸秆富集深埋还田,理念新颖,技术可行,对土壤尤其是亚表层有很好的培肥效果。有助于彻底解决秸秆还田成本高或效果差的瓶颈问题,为旱田秸秆田间处理与深厚肥沃耕层构建提供切实可行的机械化工程手段。