Development of Stem-base Pathogens on Different Cultivars of Winter Wheat Determined by Quantitative PCR

The progress of development of stem-base pathogens in crops of second winter wheat was plotted in nine experiments in three years. The amount of each pathogen present was determined by quantitative PCR. Where Tapesia yallundae was present in quantifiable amounts, it usually developed earlier than the other eyespot pathogen, T. acuformis. Both species were usually present in greater amounts on cultivars which are more susceptible to eyespot. The sharp eyespot pathogen, Rhizoctonia cerealis, developed more erratically than either of the Tapesia spp. and there were no consistent effects on different cultivars. Fusarium spp., the cause of brown foot rot, were rarely present in quantifiable amounts, but Microdochium nivale was usually present as one or both of the varieties nivale and majus. Late-season (after anthesis) decreases in M. nivale suggest that any brown foot rot symptoms attributable to this fungus would have fully developed earlier. Cultivar differences in amounts of M. nivale were most clear in stems during internode extension and when relatively large amounts of DNA were present. Such differences approximately reflected eyespot susceptibility, cv. Soissons containing most and cv. Lynx containing least DNA. The results emphasise the difficulty in relating diagnoses, by quantitative PCR or other means, at early growth stages when decisions to apply fungicides against stem-base disease are made, to later disease severity.     

Effect of Drechslera (Helminthosporium) sacchari Toxin upon the Permeability of Sugarcane Leaf and Callus Tissues

Sugarcane leaves and calli from highly susceptible and resistant varieties to eyespot disease were used to evaluate the Drechslera sacchari toxin effect at different concentrations and incubation times by measuring electrolyte leakage. This expression of disease resistance was observed not only in the leaf but also in the callus. Furthermore, the growth of resistant calli MS medium supplemented with DS toxin, was higher when compared to the susceptible ones. The possibility of obtaining resistant somaclones is confirmed.     

pseP基因对蜡样芽胞杆菌0-9菌株生物薄膜形成和防治小麦纹枯病的影响

为了阐明芽胞杆菌0-9菌株的生防机制,通过敲除0-9菌株的多糖外运蛋白编码基因pseP构建基因敲除菌株0-9（ΔpseP）和基因敲除菌株的互补菌株0-9（ΔpseP∷pseP）,并比较野生型0-9菌株及其衍生菌株形成生物薄膜的能力及其对小麦纹枯病的生防效果。结果显示,pseP基因敲除后,菌株生物薄膜形成能力和对小麦纹枯病的生防作用降低,生防效果较野生型0-9菌株降低43.6%。基因互补后,互补菌株生物薄膜的形成能力和对小麦纹枯病的生防作用得到恢复,生防效果较敲除菌株提高29.2%。研究表明蜡样芽胞杆菌0-9菌株的pseP基因参与了生防菌株0-9生物薄膜的形成和对小麦纹枯病的生物防治。     

大豆纹枯病与其种植密度的关系

通过对大豆不同密度条件下大豆纹枯病的发生级别及普遍率的关系研究 ,发现大豆纹枯病的发生级别与普遍率都随着大豆密度的增加而增加 ,并提出防治大豆纹枯病的方法     

小麦品种纹枯病抗性鉴定

小麦纹枯病是由禾谷丝核菌 (Ｒｈｉｚｏｃｔｏｎｉａｃｅｒｅ ａｌｉｓ)侵染所致的土传病害[1 ] 。近年来 ,该病害在湖北省麦区发生日趋严重[2 ,3] ,已逐渐成为生产上的一种重要病害。培育抗纹枯病品种和鉴定筛选抗源并在育种工作中加以利用是控制该病害的重要途径。本研究对湖北省麦区近年来推广的 2 5个品种以及从全国各地征搜集的 548份材料进行了鉴定和筛选 ,以期明确湖北省麦区品种的抗性现状 ,为育种单位提供抗源和小麦品种合理布局提供科学依据。1　材料与方法1 .1　材　料供试小麦品种为湖北省近年来推广品种 2 5个和从全国各地征搜…     

An Epidemiological Study on Orodental Disorders in 3,791 Working Donkeys in Egypt: Prevalence and Risk Factors

Orodental disorders are common in equidae and can lead to serious clinical complications. This study determines the prevalence rate (PR) of orodental disorders in working donkeys in Egypt and their potential risk factors. During 4 years, 3,791 donkeys were examined in six Egyptian governorates. Full case history and thorough clinical and oral examinations were performed. Radiography and oroendoscopy were undertaken whenever possible. All data were statistically analyzed using Poisson generalized linear models to compare PR among governorates, sex, years, body condition score, and age groups and to determine the potential risk factors. Of 3,791 examined donkeys, 954 donkeys (25.17%) had orodental disorders. The PRs of acquired disorders were 9.81% sharp enamel points, 5.86% buccal ulcers, 4.88% hook, 4.70% overgrown teeth, 4.19% periodontal disease, 3.11% ramp, 2.60% dental caries, 2.37% dental calculus, 2.30% diastema, 2.06% step mouth, 2.00% soft tissue injuries other than buccal ulcers, 1.77% worn tooth, 1.37% loose tooth, 1.29% exaggerated transverse ridge, 1.24% fractured teeth, 0.82% missing teeth, 0.69% wave mouth, 0.50% molar table angle change, and 0.45% wolf tooth overgrowth. The PRs of the congenital disorders were 1.90% displaced teeth, 1.37% deviated teeth, 0.58% retained teeth, 0.16% overbite, 0.16% underbite, 0.11% supernumerary teeth, and 0.11% premolar cap. The risk factors significantly associated (P < .05) with the orodental disorders were age and sex of the animal, geographic location, and year of examination. This study provides a database for future studies on orodental disorders and for designing effective preventive and therapeutic strategies for these disorders in donkeys.     

小麦纹枯病生防芽孢杆菌的筛选及鉴定

从河南、北京等地采集小麦植株,分离得到202株内生芽孢杆菌,平板拮抗测定获得27株对小麦纹枯病菌拮抗效果明显的菌株。温室盆栽测定了27个菌株对小麦纹枯病的生防效果,其中菌株M-1、W-2和W-3的防治效果分别为60.4%、59.4%和56.6%。对3株生防菌株进行了分类学鉴定,M-1为多粘类芽孢杆菌,W-2为地衣芽孢杆菌,W-3为枯草芽孢杆菌。     

小麦纹枯病的研究进展

近年来,小麦纹枯病在我国呈逐年加重趋势,国内外也加强了对该病的研究,取得较大进展。从小麦纹枯病病原、侵染过程、发生规律、影响因素及防治等方面的研究进行了综述,同时讨论了今后小麦纹枯病综合防治的研究方向。     

Simulating multiple pest damage in varying winter wheat production situations

The production situation–injury profile paradigm can be used as a framework to assess the harmfulness of multiple-pest complexes in a changing agriculture. A mechanistic simulation model for wheat, WHEATPEST, was developed to incorporate drivers of (i) variable production situations and (ii) their related injury profiles. The model simulates the harmful effects of pathogens, pests, and weeds in a simple, open, generic manner. Simulation drivers were derived from published reports, in particular through a meta-analysis of highly detailed farmers’ field surveys in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. Preliminary analysis of the model's performances indicates that WHEATPEST conforms with available published reports in a range of production situations and injury profiles. While improvement on some components of the model are discussed, this work points at the need for the collection of cross-disciplinary, reasonably accurate, and standardised data at a system's level, and at the usefulness of modelling tools for basic research and policy.