杀虫剂对2种麦蚜的敏感性和选择性测定

用浸叶法测定了麦长管蚜和黍缢管蚜对几种杀虫剂的敏感性和选择性。结果表明 ,麦长管蚜对几种杀虫剂的敏感性呈以下规律 :辛硫磷<毒死蜱<吡虫啉<抗蚜威<啶虫咪<氧化乐果<甲基对硫磷 ;致死中浓度 (LC50)按以下次序增大 :啶虫脒 ,辛硫磷 ,毒死蜱 ,抗蚜威 ,甲基对硫磷 ,吡虫啉 ,氧化乐果。黍缢管蚜对几种杀虫剂敏感性呈以下规律 :吡虫啉<毒死蜱<啶虫脒<抗蚜威<甲基对硫磷<氧化乐果 ,致死中浓度 (LC50)按以下次序增大 :啶虫脒 ,毒死蜱 ,吡虫啉 ,抗蚜威 ,甲基对硫磷 ,氧化乐果。麦长管蚜和黍缢管蚜对几种杀虫剂的选择性依次为 :啶虫咪<甲基对硫磷<抗蚜威<毒死蜱<氧化乐果<吡虫啉     

Mapping antixenosis genes on chromosome 6A of wheat to greenbug and to a new biotype of Russian wheat aphid

Greenbug and Russian wheat aphid (RWA) are two devastating pests of wheat. The first has a long history of new biotype emergence and recently. RWA resistance has just started to break down. Thus, it is necessary to find new sources of resistance that will broaden the genetic base against these pests in wheat. Seventy‐five doubled haploid recombinant (DHR) lines for chromosome 6A from the F₁ of the cross between “Chinese Spring’ and the “Chinese Spring (Synthetic 6A) (Triticum dicoccoides × Aegilops tauschii)” substitution line were used as a mapping population for testing resistance to greenbug biotype C and to a new strain of RWA that appeared in Argentina in 2003. A quantitative trait locus (QTL) (br antixenosis to greenbug was significantly associated with the marker loci Xgwm1009 and Xgwm1185 located in the centromere region of chromosome 6A. Another QTL which accounted for most of the antixenosis against RWA was associated with the marker loci Xgwm1291 and Xiinni1150. both located on the long arm of chromosome 6A. This is the first report of greenbug and RWA resistance genes located on chromosome 6A. It is also the first report of antixenosis against the new strain of RWA. As most of the RWA resistance genes present in released cultivars have been located in [he D‐ genome, it is highly desirable to find new sources in other genomes to combine the existing resistance genes with new sources.     

Genetic variability in antibiotic resistance to the greenbug Schizaphis graminum in Hordeum chilense

Hordeum chilense (Roem. et Schult), a native grass of South America, is a source of antixenotic and antibiotic resistance to the greenbug Schizaphis graminum Rondani. The genetic and environmental components of the variability in antibiotic resistance shown by H. chilense were determined by measuring the developmental time, the length of adult life, fecundity and intrinsic rate of population increase of green-bugs reared on this host. The aphids belonged to a clone of biotype C. Plants were cloned to reduce the incidence of environmental variability. Different plant characters appeared to prolong aphid developmental time and reduce the length of adult life and total fecundity. The broad sense heritability and the genetic variability of these plant characters were different. The plant character that affected aphid development appears to differ from that affecting fecundity.     

Amplified fragment length polymorphism- and simple sequence repeat-based molecular tagging and mapping of greenbug resistance gene Gb3 in wheat

The greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), is the most economically damaging aphid pest of wheat in the southern Great Plains of the USA. In this study, the single, dominant greenbug resistance gene, Gb3, was molecularly tagged and genetically mapped using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and simple sequence repeat(SSR) markers. Three AFLP loci were associated with the Gb3 locus in linkage analysis with 75 F_2:3 families from the cross between two near‐isogenic lines (NILs) for Gb3,‘TXGBE273’ and ‘TXGBE281′. Two of these loci, XMgcc Pagg and Xmagg Patg cosegregate with Gb3 in the population analysed. Further analysis indicated that XMgcc Pagg and Xmagg Patg are specific for the Gb3 locus in diverse genetic backgrounds. Two SSR markers, Xgwm111 and Xgwm428 previously mapped in wheat chromosome 7D, were shown to be linked with Gb3, 22.5 cM and 33.1 cM from Gb3, respectively, in an F₂ population of ‘Largo’בTAM 107’, suggesting that Gb3 is located in the long arm of chromosome 7D. The two AFLP markers cosegregating with Gb3 are valuable tools in developing molecular markers for marker‐assisted selection of greenbug resistance in wheat breeding.     

麦蚜迁飞的研究进展

麦蚜分布广、食性杂、繁殖力强,是世界性的农业害虫。在此,从麦蚜的田间网捕、传毒能力、飞行磨测试以及分子遗传学研究等七方面介绍了麦蚜迁飞行为的主要研究进展,讨论了麦蚜迁飞的生态意义,可能的蚜源基地及需要进一步研究的问题。     

麦二叉蚜过冷却能力和低温存活率研究

为弄清麦二叉蚜耐寒性,研究分析了1龄若蚜和无翅成蚜的过冷却能力和低温存活率,结果发现：麦二叉蚜1龄若蚜的过冷点和结冰点分别为-26.7±0.68℃和-26.3±0.70℃,均显著低于无翅成蚜的过冷点(-22.8±3.85℃)和结冰点(-19.3±3.80℃),且1龄若蚜的过冷却点和结冰点波动范围较小,分别在-27.7～-24.7℃和-27.5～-24.4℃之间,而无翅成蚜的过冷却点和结冰点波动范围较大,分别在-26.7～-14.2℃和-24.7～-11.6℃之间。与此同时,低温存活率结果发现,1龄若蚜80%死亡率的温度是10℃左右,无翅成蚜80%死亡率的温度是-9℃左右,表明麦二叉蚜耐寒性较强,而且1～龄若蚜的耐寒能力较无翅成蚜强。     

麦二叉蚜唾液蛋白基因Sg1655时空表达谱及其抑制小麦防御反应的功能

为进一步明确麦二叉蚜Schizaphis graminum唾液蛋白Sg1655在调控小麦防御反应中的作用,基于麦二叉蚜唾液腺转录组数据,利用PCR技术克隆获取Sg1655开放阅读框,利用生物信息学软件对其序列进行分析;通过实时荧光定量PCR（real-time quantitative PCR,RT-qPCR）技术检测Sg1655在麦二叉蚜不同组织及不同龄期中的表达;利用细菌III型分泌系统将Sg1655导入到小麦叶片内,检测其瞬时表达对小麦胼胝质积累的影响。结果表明,Sg1655开放阅读框全长375 bp,编码125个氨基酸残基,N端1~21位为信号肽序列,预测蛋白分子量为14.90 kD。麦二叉蚜Sg1655氨基酸序列与玉米蚜Rhopalosiphum maidis同源序列相致性最高,为89.52%;麦二叉蚜Sg1655与玉米蚜同源序列聚为一个分支,亲缘关系最近。Sg1655在麦二叉蚜各组织中均有表达,其中在唾液腺中表达量最高,Sg1655在麦二叉蚜各个龄期均有表达,且在不同龄期之间无显著差异。小麦叶片内Sg1655瞬时表达可显著抑制小麦胼胝质积累,表明该蛋白可作为潜在效应子参与抑制小麦防御反应。     

基于转录组测序技术分析吡虫啉或氟啶虫胺腈对麦二叉蚜细胞色素P450基因表达的影响

为了筛选出麦二叉蚜Schizaphis graminum 参与吡虫啉或氟啶虫胺腈代谢调节的细胞色素P450(P450) 基因,采用浸渍法,用吡虫啉或氟啶虫胺腈处理麦二叉蚜24 h后,通过构建转录组测序文库,并进行RNA-seq测序,筛选出差异性表达的P450基因,并进行实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR) 验证。结果表明:用吡虫啉处理麦二叉蚜后,有19个P450基因上调表达,15个P450基因下调表达;用氟啶虫胺腈处理麦二叉蚜后,有18个P450基因上调表达,15个P450基因下调表达。运用qPCR验证了吡虫啉对12个P450基因的诱导表达,其结果与DGE测序文库显示的结果基本一致。这些结果可为深入研究麦二叉蚜P450对蚍虫啉和氟啶虫胺腈的解毒代谢作用提供依据。     

不同BYDV抗性的小麦品种对介体麦蚜生长发育和繁殖的影响

在室内20℃条件下研究了大麦黄矮病抗性不同的3个小麦品种对介体麦二叉蚜和麦长管蚜生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明,不同抗性小麦品种对麦二叉蚜和麦长管蚜若蚜发育历期、存活率、成蚜寿命和生殖力有显著的影响,以张春20号对介体蚜虫的影响最大,小偃22号次之,小偃6号抗性最弱。通过麦二叉蚜和麦长管蚜在供试的3个小麦品种上生长发育和繁殖的参数比较,小麦品种对介体蚜虫影响大小与小麦品种对大麦黄矮病抗性强弱趋势一致。