天麻田间高产栽培措施试验

为提高天麻栽培产量，扩大天麻栽培地域，提高山区有限土地利用率，笔者将影响天麻田间高产栽培的几个关键因子进行比较试验，总结出天麻田间高产栽培的有效措施，为大力发展天麻生产提供了科学依据。     

Agricultural extension approach: evidence from an Integrated Soil Fertility Management Project in Ethiopia

Agricultural extension is an approach to rural development and agricultural transformation in which training, demonstration and technology transfer are key to reducing rural poverty, ensuring food security, and sustainably managing natural resources. During recent decades, different extension approaches have been tested and validated by the Ethiopian government and non-governmental organizations to stimulate participation in the agricultural extension system (AES). The most recent was a German-funded project entitled “Integrated Soil Fertility Management Project” (ISFM⁺), which employed a novel approach to piloting and upscaling proven technology and best practice. The purpose of this study was to analyze and document the modalities of ISFM⁺ and illustrate its effects on technology uptake and dissemination. The study used a mixed methods approach to collect data. ATLAS.ti and SPSS were used for data management and analysis. Farmer Research and Extension Groups and Farmer Field Schools were found to be central to the participation process. Also, the ISFM⁺ was found to aid technology transfer and helped to increase grain and residue yields as well as farmer livelihoods. Based on these empirical findings, it is argued that the ISFM⁺ approach and technology should be integrated and institutionalized in the mainstream AES in order to promote their extensive application.     

基于因子分析法对我国大学城体育场地资源共享的影响因素研究

采用了文献资料法、问卷调查法、数理统计法、逻辑分析法对影响我国大学城体育场地资源共享的因素进行了分析与总结，研究结果表明，影响大学城高校体育场地资源共享的主要因素包括：场地客观因素、学校领导因素、学校教师因素、学生因素、地理位置因素、相关政策因素、课程安排因素、经济因素、社会因素、比赛安排因素。根据木桶效应，在构建大学体育场地资源共享模式的时候，需要对课程进行合理的安排，并做好场地对内和对外开放的时间以及方式合理安排，以提供我国高校体育场地资源的利用率，促进我国高等体育教育和社会体育的发展。     

不同杀菌剂对向日葵菌核病的田间防治效果

为探明不同杀菌剂对向日葵菌核病的田间防治效果,采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法测定5种杀菌剂对向日葵菌核病菌的菌丝生长和子囊孢子萌发的抑制作用,并进行田间防治试验。结果表明,20%吡噻菌胺SC对菌丝生长的抑制作用最强,EC₅₀值为0.0302μg/mL,其次为75%拿敌稳WG和50%啶酰菌胺WG,EC₅₀值分别为0.0370和0.2152μg/mL。50%啶酰菌胺WG对菌核病菌子囊孢子的抑制作用最强,EC₅₀值为0.0563μg/mL。田间试验结果显示,50%啶酰菌胺WG对向日葵菌核病的防治效果最好,防效达到89.68%,可有效改善向日葵相关农艺性状,较对照增产34.58%。综合室内毒力试验和田间药效试验结果,50%啶酰菌胺WG对向日葵菌核病的防治效果较好,可作为田间控制病害的轮换药剂。     

一种便携式农田小气候信息采集装置的设计

针对农田小气候监测的需要设计了一种便携式农田小气候信息采集装置,并对该装置系统结构、硬件结构及系统软件设计进行了详细介绍。实地调试结果证明,该装置具有较好的灵活性,便于携带,采集信息范围较广,完全能满足当前农业生产的需求,适用于农田、果园、草原等多种农业环境。     

田间春播法鉴定小麦新品系冬春性

[目的]鉴定小麦新品系冬春性,为小麦品系选育提供帮助。[方法]通过田间春播法对2015年新选育的21个小麦品系进行冬春性分析。[结果]3个播期相互参考,相互印证,参加鉴定的21个品系,最终判定为1个弱冬性,13个半冬性,4个弱春性,3个春性;冬性类14个,春性类7个,冬性类品系占品系总数的66.7%。[结论]田间春播可以作为小麦冬春性鉴定的有效方法。     

引自国际马铃薯中心的品种资源在青海对晚疫病的田间抗性鉴定

在青海省海拔2000～2500m和2500～3000m两个不同生态区域设置抗性观测圃,调查评价从国际马铃薯中心(CIP)引进的60份资源田间晚疫病抗性,资源D9在整个生育期表现出免疫症状,15个资源表现为高抗,18个资源表现抗病,同时还对晚疫病菌流行生理小种的毒性基因进行动态监测。     

Nanostructured liquid crystalline particle assisted delivery of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid to weeds,crops and model plants

Routine agricultural practices are heavily dependent on the use of surfactants, many of which are toxic to humans and detrimental to the environment. In proof of concept work we have previously shown the potential of nanostructured liquid crystalline particles (NLCP) to safely interact with plant leaf cuticular surfaces with minimal impact on epicuticular waxes. Here we demonstrate the use of NLCP to effectively deliver the auxin herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) to plant leaves in laboratory and field studies. In the laboratory, the physiological stress responses of lupin, Lupinus angustifolius (L.) (Fabaceae) towards NLCP spray applications were shown to be much reduced in comparison with application of two common surfactants. Phytotoxicity assays of 2,4-D loaded NLCP were used to validate the herbicidal effects on Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynth. (Brassicaceae) and established a similarity with that of surfactant assisted 2,4-D delivery when tested at a concentration of 0.1%. Field trials were conducted to test the efficacy of NLCP-assisted delivery of 2,4-D in comparison with commercial surfactants for the control of the invasive weed wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum (L.) (Brassicaceae), in wheat, Triticum aestivum (L.) (Poaceae) crop fields. Compared against Estercide 800, a commercially available 2,4-D formulation, NLCP assisted delivery of 2,4-D was effective at low concentrations of 0.03% and 0.06%. The crop yield remained similar for all the tested concentrations and formulations of 2,4-D loaded NLCP and Estercide 800. This is the first report to directly show that, as an alternative to conventional methods, NLCP can be used under both laboratory and field conditions to successfully delivery an agrochemical.     

A review of the role of excess soil moisture conditions in constraining farm practices under Atlantic conditions

The Less Favoured Area (LFA) scheme is a major element of the EU Rural Development Policy, aimed at supporting farming in areas with natural handicaps or low soil productivity. It has been in place since 1975 and accounts for 14% of total Community funding. In 2003, the European Court of Auditors recommended that the socio‐economic criteria on which the current scheme is based be replaced by biophysical criteria. Reviews of the proposals suggest that in Atlantic climates of Northwest Europe, the new criteria do not delineate adequately areas where agricultural productivity is constrained by the biophysical environment and that such areas are instead demarcated by the occurrence of excess soil moisture conditions. In this paper, we review the impact of excess soil moisture conditions on the sustainability of farming systems and their role in constraining strategic and tactical farm management practices. In particular, we review the scientific evidence on the impact of excess soil moisture conditions on herbage growth, herbage utilization, farm operations and environmental sustainability. On the basis of this, we propose an additional biophysical criterion for the new delineation of LFAs, namely the length of time that soil water is in excess of field capacity (‘field capacity days’). While there is no clear threshold for field capacity days above which agricultural sustainability is acutely constrained, the evidence reviewed in this paper suggests that the sustainability of intensive livestock farming and tillage systems is particularly challenging in scenarios where the 80 percentile of field capacity days exceeds 220–230 days.     

The Humus Content and Soil Biological Properties as a Function of Organic and Mineral Fertilization

There is a growing recognition for the need to develop sensitive indicators of soil quality that reflect the effects of land management on soil and assist land users in promoting sustainability of agro-ecosystems. Three soil enzymes (dehydrogenase, phosphatase and invertase) microbial biomass as biological variables and soil organic matter content (SOM) were investigated relative to fertilization and soil fertility (estimated by crop yield) at a long-term fertilization trial (Keszthely, Hungary). 0-34.7-69.4-104.1t farmyard manure (FYM) ha m 1 5 yr m 1 and the corresponding amount of mineral fertilizers (NPK) were applied in two different crop rotation systems. There were four straw and/or stalk incorporating treatments in the second crop rotation 'B'. Enzyme activities, microbial biomass and the amount of SOM were generally higher in the fertilized soils than in the unfertilized soils. The type of amendments (mineral, FYM or mixed) had significant effects only on the amount of SOM. The correlations among the biological variables and the crop yield were generally low (r < 0.250. The differences in field management resulted only in the invertase activity.