Sensitivity of Botryosphaeria dothidea from apple to tebuconazole in China

The white rot disease caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea threatens apple production in Bohai bay area and along the Yellow River of China, where disease control is largely dependent on fungicides such as tebuconazole. A total of 146 isolates of B. dothidea obtained from different apple orchards in six provinces were tested for their sensitivity to tebuconazole, carbendazim and iprodione. The EC₅₀ values of all tested isolates for tebuconazole were from 0.035 to 1.415 μg/mL. The broad range of EC₅₀ values of tebuconazole suggests an obvious variation among the 146 isolates. Isolate HB13 (EC₅₀ = 1.415 μg/mL) showed reduced sensitivity to tebuconazole, with an EC₅₀ value significantly higher than those of the other 145 isolates tested. The low sensitivity of HB13 was stable after 15 generations, and this isolate showed similar pathogenicity as susceptible strains. EC₅₀ correlation analysis indicates no cross resistance between tebuconazole and carbendazim and iprodione. Field efficacy trials showed that tebuconazole remains very effective for apple white rot control in China.     

小菜蛾对阿维菌素的抗性机制及交互抗性研究

用叶片药膜法研究了阿维菌素抗性小菜蛾 Plutella xylostella （L.）品系 对常用药剂的交互抗性谱以及增效醚（PB）和磷酸三苯酯（TPP）的增效作用。小菜蛾对阿 维菌素与高效氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯和联苯菊酯等菊酯类药剂间具有比较低的交互 抗性，对后者抗性为3～20倍，对阿维菌素的抗性为575.6倍；对氟虫脲和氟啶脲没有交互抗 性。PB和TPP对阿维菌素分别增效8.2和5.5倍，说明小菜蛾对阿维菌素的抗性可能与多功能 氧化酶（MFO）和羧酸酯酶有关。通过差光谱技术测定了阿维菌素抗性和敏感小菜蛾细胞色 素P450的含量，抗性品系是敏感品系的1.38倍。     

Selection and characterization of spinosad resistance in Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The cross-resistance and biochemical mechanism of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), to spinosad was studied in the laboratory. S. exigua population were collected from Shanghai suburb. After five generations of selection, the resistance of S. exigua to spinosad increased 345.4 times compared with the susceptible strain. There was no cross-resistance between spinosad and fenvalerate, phoxim, methomyl, abamectin, and cyfluthrin. When the inhibitors, PBO, TPP, DEF, and DEM were used as synergist in the susceptible strain and resistant strain, the synergistic ratio was 0.7-, 0.5-, 1.0-, and 0.6- fold for the susceptible strain, and 9.8-, 1.5-, 2.6-, and 1.5-fold for the resistant strain, respectively. The results revealed that PBO had significant synergistic effect on the resistant strain. The activity in vitro of microsomal-O-demethylase and glutathione S-transferase in the resistant strain was 5.2- and 1.0-fold of the susceptible strain, respectively. The results implied that microsomal-O-demethylase might be important in conferring spinosad resistance in the S. exigua population.     

抗高效氯氟氰菊酯甜菜夜蛾近等基因系的交互抗性和种群适合度

 测定了对高效氯氟氰菊酯不同抗性水平的近等基因系高抗种群（NILs-RR）和低抗种群（NILs-RS）对13种杀虫剂的交互抗性，结果表明高抗种群对高效氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、高效氟氯氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯的交互抗性倍数在15.2～92.6之间；对氟虫腈，阿维菌素、灭多威和甲胺基阿维菌素也存在14.1～67.5倍的较高交互抗性；而对毒死蜱、溴虫腈、虫酰肼及辛硫磷的交互抗性较低，在3.0～7.6倍之间。低抗种群对氟虫腈和阿维菌素存在较明显的交互抗性，在13.3～14.3倍之间；对高效氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、灭多威、溴虫腈和甲胺基阿维菌素有一定程度的交互抗性（5.8～9.9倍）；对高效氟氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯和甲氰菊酯的交互抗性较低（2.6～2.9倍）；对辛硫磷、毒死蜱和虫酰肼则没有明显的交互抗性（1.7～1.8倍）。对构建的甜菜夜蛾敏感种群（SS）、近等基因系高效氯氟氰菊酯抗性种群(NILs-RR)和近等基因系低抗性种群(NILs-RS)生命表分析表明，以SS种群为参比，NILs-RS、NILs-RR种群的相对适合度分别为0.870、0.893，抗高效氯氟氰菊酯不同基因型甜菜夜蛾SS，NILs-RS和NILs-RR三种群净增殖率分别为624.7, 543.6和557.8，无显著差异，表明高效氯氟氰菊酯的抗药性未引发甜菜夜蛾适合度变化。综合上述研究结果可见甜菜夜蛾对高效氯氟氰菊酯产生抗药性后，与其它菊酯类药剂、氟虫腈和阿维菌素存在较高水平交互抗性，此类药剂间不宜混用或轮用；与辛硫磷、毒死蜱和虫酰肼的交互抗性均较低，可以混用或轮用。在高抗地区也可以通过引入敏感种群进行抗性稀释的方法治理甜菜夜蛾对菊酯类杀虫剂的抗性。     

Characterization of imidacloprid resistance in the housefly Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)

In recent years, imidacloprid was introduced to control the housefly in China and it was documented that the housefly indeed showed signs of resistance to imidacloprid somewhere but not in China. Therefore, a housefly population collected from filed (IFS) was selected continuously with imidacloprid to establish the resistant strain (IRS) and the basic characteristics were investigated in this study. After continuous selection over 21 generations, the resistance ratio increased from 9.01 to 140, and different levels of cross-resistance were developed to beta-cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, chlorfenapyr, acetamiprid and azamethiphos in the IRS strain. The realized heritability of resistance was 0.10. The synergistic ratios for IRS pretreated with DEF, DEM and PBO were 1.68, 1.52 and 2.53, and the corresponding ones for IFS were 3.17, 1.87 and 2.67, respectively. Synergistic and biochemical assays suggested that the cytochrome P450 may play an important role in the imidacloprid resistance comparing with GSTs- and carboxylesterases-mediated detoxification in the IRS strain, and there might be additional mechanisms (e.g. reduced target-site sensitivity) contributed to imidacloprid resistance in the IRS strain.     

油菜菌核病菌对嘧菌环胺和不同杀菌剂敏感性的相关分析

为了明确油菜菌核病菌对新型杀菌剂嘧菌环胺的敏感性和该药剂与其它杀菌剂的交互抗性,采用菌丝生长速率法测定江苏省不同地区的53个油菜菌核病菌菌株对嘧菌环胺的敏感性,并测定对嘧菌环胺不同敏感性的10个菌株对菌核净、异菌脲、腐霉利、多菌灵、咪鲜胺和戊唑醇等杀菌剂的敏感性。结果表明,菌株间对嘧菌环胺的敏感性差异显著, EC50（抑制中浓度）值在0.0342～1.087 6μg/mL之间;通过EC50值相关性分析,油菜菌核病菌对嘧菌环胺与上述杀菌剂之间不存在交互抗性。 关     

Resistance selection and biochemical characterization of spinosad resistance in Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

A Helicoverpa armigera population was collected from Shandong province, China. After 15 generations of selection in the laboratory, the H. armigera strain developed more than 20-fold resistance to spinosad. At LD₅₀ level, no significant cross-resistance was found between spinosad and chlorpyrifos, methomyl, avermectin and chlorfenapyr except for fenvalerate with a low cross-resistance of 2.4-fold. However, LD₉₉ values of fenvalerate against the parental and resistant strains were not different significantly. After inhibitors were used, spinosad resistance could be partially suppressed by piperonylbutoxide (PBO) and triphenylphosphate (TPP), but not by diethylmaleate (DEM). Activities of p-nitroanisole O-demethylase (ODM) developed to 8.26-fold compared with the parental strain, but no obvious changes were found in activities of carboxyl esterase (CarE) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). The results indicated that resistance to spinosad in the cotton bollworm might be associated with an increase in cytochrome P450 monooxygenase.     

Are insensitivities of Venturia inaequalis to myclobutanil and fenbuconazole correlated?

In the UK, two demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides, myclobutanil and fenbuconazole, are recommended for controlling apple scab. Experiments were conducted to determine whether the sensitivity of V. inaequalis to myclobutanil was correlated with that to fenbuconazole. There was a marked reduction in the sensitivity of V. inaequalis to myclobutanil; averaged ED₅₀ values increased from 0.338 mg L⁻¹ in the baseline population to 2.945 mg L⁻¹ for isolates from a commercial orchard. Overall, the average ED₅₀ value for fenbuconazole was only about 20% of that for myclobutanil for the baseline population. There was an overall significant positive correlation in the fungal sensitivities to myclobutanil and fenbuconazole, but such correlation only accounted for 40% of the total observed variability. In addition, the magnitude of this cross-resistance varied among orchards. The finding is discussed in the context of fungicide deposition in relation to disease control.     

辽宁省番茄灰霉病菌对氟啶胺的敏感性研究

为明确辽宁省番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr.)对氟啶胺的敏感性及其与不同杀菌剂的交互抗性,从辽宁省番茄产区采集、分离纯化获得206株单孢菌株,采用菌丝生长速率法测定其对氟啶胺的敏感基线。结果表明,辽宁省番茄灰霉病菌对氟啶胺的EC_(50)值在 0.001 3～0.073 1 μg·mL~(-1)之间,平均值为(0.022 7±0.014 5)μg·mL~(-1),敏感性频率分布呈连续单峰曲线,符合正态分布,因此可将EC_(50)平均值(0.022 7±0.014 5) μg·mL~(-1)作为辽宁省番茄灰霉病菌对氟啶胺的敏感基线,用于田间抗药性监测。从206 株菌株中选取对氟啶胺敏感性不同的39株菌株,测定其对嘧霉胺、异菌脲、腐霉利、啶酰菌胺及咯菌腈的敏感性。结果表明,供试6种杀菌剂对番茄灰霉病菌的抑制活性依次为氟啶胺咯菌腈啶酰菌胺异菌脲腐霉利嘧霉胺,氟啶胺与嘧霉胺、异菌脲、腐霉利、啶酰菌胺和咯菌腈之间均不存在交互抗性。     

Indoxacarb resistance in the house fly, Musca domestica

Indoxacarb (DPX-MP062) is a recently introduced oxadiazine insecticide with activity against a wide range of pests, including house flies. It is metabolically decarbomethoxylated to DCJW. Selection of field collected house flies with indoxacarb produced a New York indoxacarb-resistant (NYINDR) strain with >118-fold resistance after three generations. Resistance in NYINDR could be partially overcome with the P450 inhibitor piperonyl butoxide (PBO), but the synergists diethyl maleate and S,S,S-tributyl phosphorothioate did not alter expression of the resistance, suggesting P450 monooxygenases, but not esterases or glutathione S-transferases are involved in the indoxacarb resistance. Conversely, the NYINDR strain showed only 3.2-fold resistance to DCJW, and this resistance could be suppressed with PBO. Only limited levels of cross-resistance were detected to pyrethroid, organophosphate, carbamate or chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides in NYINDR. Indoxacarb resistance in the NYINDR strain was inherited primarily as a completely recessive trait. Analysis of the phenotypes vs. mortality data revealed that the major factor for indoxacarb resistance is located on autosome 4 with a minor factor on autosome 3. It appears these genes have not previously been associated with insecticide resistance.