柑橘类果实汁胞的红色现象及其呈色色素

柑橘类果实中不乏汁胞为红色类型者,如红肉葡萄柚(Citrus paradisii Macf.)的粉红色是番茄红素所致,血橙(C.sinensis L.)的血红色来源于花青素,此外,还有红色的红江橙(C.sinensis L.)、橙红色的元红(C.reticulata Blan-co)和紫红色的五布红心柚(C.grandis L.)等,它们因色泽鲜艳而具备特殊的市场潜力,但呈色色素尚未见报道。在符合审美观的同时,红色汁胞品种还具有特殊的营养价值,如类黄酮、类胡萝卜素等色素富集可软化血管、抗癌、抗氧化及消除体内自由基等。综合有关文献,首次将国内外主要红色汁胞柑橘品种依宽皮柑橘、甜橙、柚、葡萄柚及杂柑等分类进行综述,分析可能的呈色色素,阐明导致红色性状产生的两类色素—花青素、类胡萝卜素生物合成途径     

Indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aciculosporium take</Emphasis>, a causal agent of witches' broom of bamboo

 Aciculosporium take (Ascomycota; Clavicipitaceae) is a causal agent of witches' broom of bamboo plants. The symptoms of this disease are believed to be induced by plant hormones, particularly auxins. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was identified in cultures of this fungus in an l-tryptophan-supplemented liquid medium. IAA production was confirmed on 30 isolates of A. take from various hosts and locations at levels up to 1 mg/l. The biosynthetic pathway of IAA in A. take culture was examined by analyzing intermediate products and by feeding experiments. The results showed that the indole-3-pyruvic acid pathway (l-tryptophan → indole-3-pyruvic acid → indole acetaldehyde → IAA) was the dominant pathway in A. take. Received: June 3, 2002 / Accepted: July 25, 2002     

维生素C的生物合成及其基因调控研究进展

维生素C是维持生物正常生长发育必需的一类微量营养物质,水果是人类维生素C营养的重要来源,而不同水果中的维生素C含量相差很大,因此克隆植物中维生素C合成的相关酶基因,对维生素C含量低的水果进行基因改良,具有重要意义。根据有关文献对植物中维生素C的合成途径,相关酶基因的克隆以及应用生物技术的方法对维生素C含量进行遗传改良进行了综述。     

Biosynthesis of a syringyl 8-O-4′ neolignan in Eucommia ulmoides: formation of syringylglycerol-8-O-4′-(sinapyl alcohol) ether from sinapyl alcohol

To investigate the biosynthesis and stereochemistry of syringylglycerol-8-O-4′-(sinapyl alcohol) ether (SGSE), a syringyl 8-O-4′ neolignan, feeding experiments and enzyme assays using Eucommia ulmoides were carried out. Diastereoselective formation of erythro-SGSE was found. When [8-¹⁴C]sinapyl alcohol was administered to excised shoots of E. ulmoides, ¹⁴C was incorporated into free SGSE and SGSE glucosides. In stems, incorporation into (+)-erythro-[¹⁴C]SGSE (0.037%) with 9.1% enantiomeric excess (% e.e.) was found; incorporation into the threo isomer was not detectable. Erythro-[¹⁴C]SGSE glucosides (0.047%) dominated over threo forms (0.007%) with 74.0% diastereomeric excess (% d.e.); both diastereomers were levorotatory with 32.0% e.e. and 18.3% e.e., respectively. In leaves, higher incorporation into (−)-erythro-[¹⁴C]SGSE (0.500%, 15.9% e.e.) than into the threo isomer (0.206%, 7.4% e.e.) was observed (41.6% d.e.). (−)-Erythro-[¹⁴C]SGSE glucosides (1.692%, 25.0% e.e.) were produced at higher rates than threo isomers (0.177%, 16.4% e.e.) with 81.0% d.e. In incubations of a mixture of [8-¹⁴C]sinapyl and [8-¹⁴C]coniferyl alcohols with an insoluble enzyme preparation from stems of E. ulmoides, erythro-SGSE was preferentially produced. The highest % d.e. (82.8) was observed at 60 min with the (+)-erythro isomer (21.4% e.e.) and the (−)-threo form (4.3% e.e.).Part of this report was presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Gifu, April 2002, and the 47th Lignin Symposium, Fukuoka, October 2002     

Stereochemistry and biosynthesis of 8-O-4′ neolignans in Eucommia ulmoides: diastereoselective formation of guaiacylglycerol-8-O-4′-(sinapyl alcohol) ether

Stereochemistry and biosynthesis of guaiacylglycerol-8-O-4′-(sinapyl alcohol) ether (GGSE), an 8-O-4′ neolignan, which consists of coniferyl and sinapyl alcohol moieties, in Eucommia ulmoides were investigated. Four 8-O-4′ neolignans, GGSE, syringylglycerol-8-O-4′-(coniferyl alcohol) ether (SGCE), guaiacylglycerol-8-O-4′-(coniferyl alcohol) ether (GGCE), and syringylglycerol-8-O-4′-(sinapyl alcohol) ether (SGSE), were synthesized. Their erythro and threo diastereomers were separated through acetonide derivatives, intermediates of the synthesis, and identified by means of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. All of the erythro-acetonide derivatives have larger coupling constants (ca 9 Hz) for the C₇-H resonances than those of the threo ones (1.5–2 Hz). In the case of the four 8-O-4′ neolignans, the C₇-H coupling constants of the threo-isomers are not smaller than those of the erythro ones. GGSE isolated previously from this plant was identified as the erythro isomer by comparison of the ¹³C-NMR data with synthetic erythro-GGSE and threo-GGSE and the other 8-O-4′ neolignans mentioned as above. Administration of a mixture of [8-¹⁴C]coniferyl alcohol and [8-¹⁴C]sinapyl alcohol to excised shoots of E. ulmoides was carried out and the incorporation of ¹⁴C into erythro-[¹⁴C]GGSE was found to be higher than that in threo-[¹⁴C]GGSE. The occurrence of diastereoselective formation of erythro-GGSE by cross coupling of coniferyl and sinapyl alcohols is suggested.Part of this paper was presented at the 47th Lignin Symposium, Fukuoka, October 2002 and the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Fukuoka, April 2003     

水稻颖花自然开放过程中茉莉酸(JA)生物合成的变化

外源茉莉酸(JA)及其甲酯(MeJA)对水稻、小麦、黑麦和高粱等禾本科植物颖花开放具有强烈的诱导效应，然而内源JA是否参与颖花开放的调控目前还缺乏充分的证据。本研究应用高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)系统检测了粳稻武运粳7号和籼稻明恢63颖花自然开放过程中JA水平变化，并以实时定量反转录PCR (real-time RT-PCR)技术分析了武运粳7号颖花开放过程中JA生物合成途径关键基因表达变化。结果发现，水稻颖花JA水平的变化与开颖进程相一致。JA水平在上午颖花开颖前较平稳，开颖时急剧上升至峰值，闭颖后又下降。开颖时JA水平的峰值比开颖前1 h提高4~5倍。与JA水平变化相对应，催化JA生物合成途径关键步骤同工酶的编码基因OsDAD1-3、OsLOX-RCI1、OsAOS1、OsAOC和OsOPR7的表达在开颖时会有不同程度的上调，闭颖后又下调。同一稻穗上正在开放的颖花JA含量及上述JA生物合成途径基因的表达水平也比已开放和未开放的颖花高。颖花开放时JA水平及其生物合成基因表达的上升和闭颖后的下降有力地表明内源JA参与水稻颖花开放的调控。     

基因工程调控木质素生物合成研究现状及在竹子上改良的应用前景

利用基因工程手段调控木质素合成途径中关键酶基因能降低木质素含量,改变木质素组成,提高造纸工业中纸浆的得率,减少能源的消耗和降低成本,有利于环境保护。对木质素生物合成中涉及的几种重要酶类及这些酶的基因工程概况进行了综述,总结了现阶段木质素研究中存在的一些问题,提出了一些更有效地利用基因工程改良植物的对策和建议,展望了生物技术手段在竹子改良上的应用前景。     

密闭法生物合成小口径细菌纤维素管

[目的]采用间歇式密闭培养法培养木醋杆菌,探讨该方法合成小口径细菌纤维素管的可行性并对管进行表征研究。[方法]以椰子水为培养基、硅胶管为渗氧载体,在密闭罐中培养木醋杆菌,以合成小口径细菌纤维素管,之后测定产物的湿态含水率,孔隙率,比较热干燥与冷冻干燥2种干燥条件的差异,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)观察培养产物的形貌。[结果]密闭式间歇培养法能生物合成小口径细菌纤维素管;通过不同干燥条件的比较发现,相比于热干燥,冷冻干燥更适合于管的储存及后续工作;通过扫描电镜观察合成的管壁及横截面结构,发现该管壁处有较致密的网孔结构,且管断面有明显的层状结构。[结论]小口径细菌纤维素管可通过间歇式密闭法合成,且管的管壁有纳米级孔径,提示其有作为分离膜的潜力。     

开发茶叶多酚类生物化学改良途径的遗传控制研究

茶叶的特征性成分是茶多酚、类黄酮衍生物和咖啡因,茶多酚的基本组成是类黄酮衍生化合物的次生代谢产物——儿茶素;儿茶素与其它类黄酮化合物的主要生物合成途径享有共性,因而具有相似的合成机制。多种植物的广泛研究表明,该生物合成途径受到决定主要产物的一系列结构和调控基因的严格控制。欲在茶树遗传改良产生最大价值,必须了解茶多酚合成途径的生物化学、分子和遗传控制。本文综述了儿茶素合成过程中类黄酮化合物合成途径和关键基因的最新研究结果,并列举了该途径的知识潜力及其应用。