旱作农田种植碳排放主要因素 及减排措施研究

农业生产是温室气体排放第二大排放源,降低农业生产的碳排放具有意义重大。本文梳理了种植生产过程中碳排放相关的文献,发现种植过程产生碳排放的主要因素之一是化肥的生产和使用。通过优化秸秆和肥料利用模式成为化肥减施和替代的重要途径,综合考虑了农田碳排放和土壤固碳,为进一步研究旱作农田减排措施提供参考。     

Effect of crop residue biochar on soil acidity amelioration in strongly acidic tea garden soils

Strongly acidic soil (e.g. pH < 5.0) is detrimental to tea productivity and quality. Wheat, rice and peanut biochar produced at low temperature (max 300 °C) and differing in alkalinity content were incorporated into Xuan‐cheng (Ultisol; initial pH_{soil/water = 1/2.5} 4.12) and Ying‐tan soil (Ultisol; initial pH _{soil/water = 1/2.5} 4.75) at 10 and 20 g/kg (w/w) to quantify their liming effect and evaluate their effectiveness for acidity amelioration of tea garden soils. After a 65‐day incubation at 25 °C, biochar application significantly (P < 0.05) increased soil pH and exchangeable cations and reduced Al saturation of both tea soils. Association of H⁺ ions with biochar and decarboxylation processes was likely to be the main factor neutralizing soil acidity. Further, biochar application reduced acidity production from the N cycle. Significant (P < 0.05) increases in exchangeable cations and reductions in exchangeable acidity and Al saturation were observed as the rate of biochar increased, but there were no further effects on soil pH. The lack of change in soil pH at the higher biochar rate may be due to the displacement of exchangeable acidity and the high buffering capacity of biochar, thereby retarding a further liming effect. Hence, a significant linear correlation between reduced exchangeable acidity and alkalinity balance was found in biochar‐amended soils (P < 0.05). Low‐temperature biochar of crop residues is suggested as a potential amendment to ameliorate acidic tea garden soils.     

Rice-residue biochar influences phosphorus availability in soil with contrasting P status

ABSTRACT

Thermo-chemical conversion of crop residues to produce biochar is an emerging strategy in the context of sustainable phosphorous (P) use and residue management. An incubation study for 90 d was conducted to investigate the effects of rice-residue biochar (0, 10, 20 and 40 g kg^?1) in combination with inorganic-P (KH₂PO₄) (0, 25 and 50 mg kg^?1) on phosphorous availability in medium- and high-P status soils. Increasing biochar addition rates alone or in combination with inorganic-P resulted in a significant increase in P pools, i.e. plant available P or Olsen-P (from 8 to 132 mg kg^?1 in medium-P and 15 to 160 mg kg^?1 in high-P soils), microbial biomass P and various mineral-bound inorganic-P fractions in the order (Ca-P > organic-P > Al-P > loosely held/soluble-P > Fe-P > reductant soluble-P). Further, lower phosphatase activity (19–50%) with increasing rates of biochar addition in both soils elucidates the ability of biochar to act as a long-term source of available P in the experimental soils. The results demonstrate that rice-residue biochar can directly or indirectly enhance the status of available P in soils and hence can be used as a beneficial amendment to meet the crop P demand.     

不同秸秆还田方式对北方超级稻氮素吸收利用的影响

以北方超级稻沈农265为试验材料,研究了秸秆直接还田和秸秆热解成生物炭施入对水稻氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明:与常规生产相比,秸秆直接还田主要提高了水稻生育中期的叶、茎含氮量,但同时降低了后期穗氮素累积量,氮素回收率、生理利用率和氮肥农学利用率分别下降5.28%、11.65%和16.19%,使产量有降低趋势;少量秸秆生物炭施入有助于提高生育中后期叶、茎含氮量并促进穗氮素累积量增加,氮素回收率和氮肥农学利用率分别增加6.02%和7.71%,有增加产量的潜力;大量秸秆生物炭施入降低了叶、茎和穗含氮量,氮素回收率负向效应强度高达34.31%,但氮素生理利用率增加45.62%,不利于产量的提高。秸秆直接还田和大量秸秆生物炭施入对水稻氮素吸收有一定抑制作用且不利于产量的提升,少量秸秆生物炭施入则能提高水稻氮素利用率并增加产量。     

生物炭表面水溶活性分子可以有效提高水稻的耐旱性

生物炭是一种可以改良土壤、增强作物产量和提升作物品质的新型农林废弃物再利用材料。本研究通过振荡方式制备生物炭浸提液,利用水培系统培养水稻幼苗,以20%PEG6000、300 mmol/L和500 mmol/L甘露醇模拟干旱胁迫,研究生物炭表面水溶活性分子对水稻幼苗抗旱性的影响。研究结果发现:生物炭浸提液可有效缓解干旱胁迫造成的水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长抑制,缓解叶绿素含量、鲜重及存活率的降低,同时可以降低体内的活性氧积累等。实时定量RT-PCR检测表明生物炭浸提液促进干旱胁迫响应标志基因的表达量。研究结果说明生物炭浸提液可以提高干旱胁迫下水稻幼苗的抗氧化能力,进一步提高水稻幼苗对干旱胁迫的耐受性。     

生物炭及其在稻田尾水净化中的应用研究进展

保障水稻稳定增产事关国家粮食安全。水中的农药、化肥、重金属等物质随稻田尾水流出，排入周边水域，易造成水体面源污染。生物炭具有原材料丰富、孔隙结构发达、比表面积大、离子交换能力强、成本效益高等优势，已被广泛应用于环境修复领域。生物炭经适当改性能增加吸附活性位，提高吸附性能。在促沉净化材料中添加生物炭或生物炭基材料，可增强稻田面源污染促沉净化装置效能，提高稻田尾水利用率，助推农业绿色发展。本文介绍了稻田尾水的特点、常见处理技术及治理意义，阐述了生物炭及生物炭基材料在稻田尾水净化中的应用，展望了稻田尾水防治工作待深入开展的方向，并提出了生物炭材料在参与废水处理上存在的问题，以期为促进生态循环农业发展提供参考。     

Nutrient availability and corn growth in a poultry litter biochar‐amended loam soil in a greenhouse experiment

Nutrient‐rich biochar produced from animal wastes, such as poultry litter, may increase plant growth and nutrient uptake although the role of direct and indirect mechanisms, such as stimulation of the activity of mycorrhizal fungi and plant infection, remains unclear. The effects of poultry litter biochar in combination with fertilizer on mycorrhizal infection, soil nutrient availability and corn (Zea mays L.) growth were investigated by growing corn in a loam soil in a greenhouse with biochar (0, 5 and 10 Mg/ha) and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer (0, half and full rates). Biochar did not affect microbial biomass C or N, mycorrhizal infection, or alkaline phosphomonoesterase activities, but acid phosphomonoesterase activities, water‐soluble P, Mehlich‐3 Mg, plant height, aboveground and root biomass, and root diameter were greater with 10 Mg/ha than with no biochar. Root length, volume, root tips and surface area were greatest in the fully fertilized soil receiving 10 Mg/ha biochar compared to all other treatments. The 10 Mg/ha biochar application may have improved plant access to soil nutrients by promoting plant growth and root structural features, rather than by enhancing mycorrhizal infection rates.     

热解温度对生物质炭性质及其在土壤中矿化的影响

以苹果树修剪的枝条为原料,分别在300、400、500、600℃条件下热解制备生物质炭,在采用扫描电镜、红外光谱、物理化学吸附仪等手段研究其性质、结构差异的基础上,通过培养试验研究不同温度制备生物质炭的矿化特征及其对土壤有机碳组分的影响。结果表明,随着热解温度的升高,生物质炭的碳含量、比表面积及碱性官能团的含量增加,O、H及H/C、O/C和酸性官能团、总官能团的含量则降低,生物质炭的芳香族结构加强,稳定性升高。添加生物质炭可以增加土壤呼吸速率、微生物量碳(MBC)及可溶性有机碳(DOC)的含量,且随着添加比例的增加而增加,但随着热解温度的升高而降低。生物质炭的矿化率随着热解温度升高和添加比例增加而降低。利用双库模型揭示了生物质炭对土壤活性碳库、惰性碳库及其分解速率的影响。施用生物质炭后土壤有机碳的半衰期在24.09~44.76 a之间,且随生物质炭制备温度升高而增大。考虑到生物质炭制备过程中有机碳的损失,且从提升土壤有机碳含量方面考虑,500℃为制备苹果枝条生物质炭的最佳温度。     

生物炭添加对酸化土壤中小白菜氮素利用的影响

针对菜地土壤酸化趋势显著、氮肥利用率低下等突出问题,以小白菜为供试作物,设置了前3季连续施用化肥氮及后2季不施化肥氮的5季盆栽试验,研究生物炭添加对酸化土壤上连续多季种植小白菜的产量、氮肥利用率以及土壤供氮能力的影响。结果表明:在连续添加化肥氮的条件下,生物炭添加显著增加了小白菜的产量及氮素累积量,有效降低了土壤速效氮含量,并提高了土壤速效氮中NO3--N含量比例,缓解了土壤酸化趋势,降低了小白菜中硝酸盐含量,增加了氨基酸含量,提高了氮肥利用率;在停止施用化肥后,生物炭添加处理仍能保持较高的土壤速效氮含量,提高土壤固持氮素的有效性,促进植株对氮素的吸收利用,从而使产量维持在施氮条件下的高水平。研究表明生物炭添加对土壤氮素具有"削峰填谷"的调节功能,能够有效促进氮素的吸收转化,从而有利于维持高产。     

不同时期施用生物炭对稻田N_2O和CH_4排放的影响

通过分别在水稻季(R)和小麦季(W)设置对照(RB0-N0、WB0-N0)、单施氮肥(RB0-N1、WB0-N1)、20 t hm-2生物炭与氮配施(RB1-N1、WB1-N1)、40 t hm-2生物炭与氮配施(RB2-N1、WB2-N1)等8个处理,研究稻麦轮作周年系统N2O和CH4排放规律及其引起的综合温室效应(Global warming potential,GWP)和温室气体强度(Greenhouse gas intensity,GHGI)特征。结果表明:稻季配施20 t hm-2生物炭对N2O和CH4的排放、作物产量及GWP和GHGI均都无明显影响;稻季配施40 t hm-2生物炭能显著降低8.6%的CH4的排放和9.3%的GWP,显著增加作物产量17.2%。麦季配施20 t hm-2生物炭虽然对温室气体及GWP影响不明显,但显著增加21.6%的作物产量,从而显著降低21.7%的GHGI;麦季配施40 t hm-2生物炭能显著降低20.9%和11.3%的N2O和CH4排放,显著降低15.7%和23.5%的GWP和GHGI。因此麦季配施生物炭对减少N2O和CH4的排放、增加稻麦轮作产量及降低GWP和GHGI的效果较稻季配施生物炭效果更好。