Determinants of groundnut rosette virus disease occurrence in Uganda

Groundnut rosette virus disease (GRVD) is the major constraint to groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) production in Uganda. It is principally transmitted by the groundnut aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch). The disease is known to cause total crop failure in cases where susceptible varieties are used. During any particular season, GRVD displays variations in incidence and severity in different agro-ecologies within the country, but the reasons for the varying disease patterns remain unclear. This study was aimed at establishing the factors influencing the occurrence of GRVD in Uganda. Trials were established for three seasons in four groundnut growing locations situated in different agro-ecologies in Uganda. Four groundnut genotypes were used as treatments in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Disease progress and aphid populations were assessed at 4, 8 and 12 weeks after planting. Data on environmental factors; particularly rainfall, temperature and wind speed were obtained from standard meteorological stations located at/near the study sites. Soil samples and yield data were also obtained in each season. The study revealed that disease incidence; severity and groundnut yields were significantly affected by season, location and genotype. The same applied to their three way interactions. Levels of disease infection were found to be majorly influenced by rainfall and wind speed. Disease incidence and severity were generally higher in conditions with less rainfall and low wind speeds. The Pearson's two tailed correlation between total rainfall and disease incidence for all trial sites was negative and highly significant (r = −0.280, P ≤ 0.01). The same was true for wind speed and disease incidence (r = −0.476, P ≤ 0.01). However, there was no conclusive trend between temperature and disease incidence with the Pearson's two tailed correlation showing significantly positive and negative trends depending on location.     

Expansion of the aphid Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) walshii (Monell) on the red oak Quercus rubra, and adaptation of local parasitoids in the northeastern Iberian Peninsula (Hom., Aphididae, Calaphidinae; Hym., Braconidae, Aphidiinae)

An ongoing expansion of Myzocallis (L.) walshii (Monell) in the NE Iberian Peninsula was detected. The aphid species was recorded in Catalonia, Andorra and Navarra. Adaptation of local native parasitoids (at least Trioxys pallidus Haliday and T. tenuicaudus Stary) to the new immigrant was documented, together with background information on their host range in the native environments. The detection of parasitoids of M. walshii is the first published evidence in Europe. The new evidence for M. walshii in the NE Iberian Peninsula also supports the warning of the expansion of the aphid as a pest of Quercus rubra over Europe.     

柴胡苗期蚜虫及捕食性天敌种群消长动态研究

通过对柴胡苗期蚜虫及主要天敌瓢虫、蜘蛛的种群消长动态的系统研究,明确了蚜虫及其主要天敌的种群消长动态,表明蚜虫的种群数量变动与天敌的数量密切相关,相关系数分别为0.9106、0.8367。但二者之间存在时滞效应,存在明显的追随现象。认为柴胡苗期蚜虫为害可不必防治,只须充分保护利用天敌即可达到控制蚜害的目的。     

新蚜虫疠霉菌株KM0107的产孢量及其对不同蚜虫的毒力

采用孢子浴法测定了新蚜虫疠霉(Pandora neoaphidis)KM0107菌株在RH85%、光周期L:D=12:12、不同温度(15、18、21、25、28℃)条件下的产孢量及其对桃蚜(Myzus persicae)、萝卜蚜[Lipaphis erysimi(Kaltenbach)]、麦长管蚜[Sitobion avenae(Fabrici-us)]、豌豆长管蚜(Macrosiphum pisi)和玉米蚜[Rhopalosiphum maidis(Fitch)]的毒力。结果表明,在28℃条件下菌株KM0107的产孢量最高,培养30 min时产孢量为99.60±4.04孢子。该菌株对桃蚜、萝卜蚜、麦长管蚜、豌豆长管蚜和玉米蚜均具有一定的毒力,在高剂量82.42孢子/mm2的接种剂量下,麦长管蚜、豌豆长管蚜、萝卜蚜、桃蚜和玉米蚜的累积死亡率分别为(92.75±3.54)%、(73.33±4.32)%、(93.75±4.53)%、(98.21±5.46)%、(92.00±5.63)%;致死中分别为(2.3±0.42)、(3.2±0.35)、(2.7±0.35)、(2.6±0.32)、(3.5±0.25)d;接种处理后第7 d致死中量分别为1.61、1.72、1.63、1.53、1.59孢子/mm2。     

北方春小麦形态特征与抗麦长管蚜的关系研究

对73份北方春小麦材料的旗叶与穗部蚜量级别与对应部位的6个形态特征性状指标列联表分析,结果表明:穗部颜色、茎秆颜色与对应部位的麦长管蚜抗蚜级别正相关,颜色越绿,抗蚜性越强;旗叶颜色、旗叶光滑度、旗叶卷曲度与对应部位的麦长管蚜抗蚜性无关。15份春小麦材料叶毛密度与旗叶蚜量级别相关分析表明,叶毛密度与旗叶抗蚜性无关。     

Bottom-up down from the top: Honeydew as a carbon source for soil organisms

Honeydew produced by aphids is a well-studied food source for mutualistic ants. Although considerable amounts drop onto the soil surface there are hardly any studies dealing with the potential effects of this additional C source for soil organisms, particularly those living at the soil surface. We studied this question by simulating honeydew and investigating plots under Populus canescens formerly infested with aphids on two ruderal sites differing in soil organic matter content and vegetation cover. The simulated honeydew input increased microbial biomass with some delay in week 10. Both natural and simulated honeydew raised the activity densities of an epigeic Collembola taxon, the Bourletiellidae, but not of the dominant Hemisotoma thermophila. The honeydew effect varied over time and with the site, and was more pronounced at the nutrient-poor site for Collembola, but not for microbial biomass. Ant consumption reduced the amount of honeydew reaching the soil surface by 50%. The activity density of H. thermophila was negatively related to ants and spiders, hinting at a top-down control. Honeydew clearly acts as a bottom-up force for soil organisms, which is however only part of the complex network connecting the food webs of primary producers and decomposers.     

小麦抗蚜品种的遗传多样性SSR标记分析

分析小麦抗蚜品种(系)的遗传多样性,为进一步培育和推广抗蚜品种提供依据。在田间对956份小麦品种(系)损失率鉴定结果的基础上,取47份年度间鉴定抗性结果较为一致的材料,按损失率大小,由小到大排列起来,利用筛选的18对多态性SSR标记检测了参试材料的遗传多态性。结果表明,18对SSR标记在47份不同抗性品种中检测到99个等位基因,能够将所有品种区分开来,每对引物可以检测到1~10个等位基因,平均为5.21个。47个小麦品种间的相对遗传距离在0.33~0.94之间,平均为0.65。高抗品种间相对遗传距离平均为0.59(0.39~0.77);中抗品种间的相对遗传距离平均为0.62(0.39~0.83);感虫品种间的相对遗传距离平均为0.62(0.37~0.83);高感品种间的相对遗传距离平均为0.64(0.37~0.84)。SSR标记聚类分析在相对遗传距离为0.67处将供试材料分为7大类群。选育和推广抗虫品种时尽可能选择聚类图中亲缘关系较远的材料。抗虫品种‘临远95-5322’单独聚为一类,同其余品种具有较远的亲缘关系,可作为新的抗源用于抗虫育种。     

青岛地区不同紫花苜蓿品种对蚜虫的田间抗性评价

[目的]明确不同苜蓿品种对蚜虫的抗性。[方法]在青岛地区采用蚜情指数法对来自国内外的32个苜蓿品种进行了田间抗蚜性评价。[结果]蚜情指数法所确定的不同抗性品种的结果能够较好地体现出品种之间的抗性。将32个品种对蚜虫的抗性分为5类,即南澳、Baralfa 421Q、TG4 CW044026、新牧2号、无名4、Bar003 A12-3136F12、天山苜蓿、WL319HQ和Baralfa 321Q为高感品种;无名3、WL525Q、新牧1号、加拿大为感蚜品种;赛迪10、甘农4号、TG3(CW0530)、敖汉苜蓿、三得利、WL323、无名2和WL343为中抗品种;赛特、Millionaire、5S43、甘农1号、公农1号、无名1、TG7 CW2883、三得菲和中牧3号为抗性品种;而WL363HQ和Brarlfa 53HQ为高抗品种。[结论]该研究初步筛选出以WL363HQ和Brarlfa 53HQ为主、适合在青岛地区种植、具有抗蚜性的19个抗性品种,为科学利用优质苜蓿种质资源提供了理论依据。     

油菜蚜虫防控技术研究（英文）

[目的]为筛选适应云南主要油菜产区的抗（耐）蚜虫品种及经济有效环保的防治药剂。[方法]对22份云南主推品种、国内新育成品种及核心育种材料进行6种抗蚜虫药剂的药效试验。[结果]云油双1号、花油4号、云花油早熟1号、A35等品种抗蚜性较好,播种时施用地蚜灵预防,花角期交替使用烯啶虫安和吡虫啉等药剂防治。[结论]该研究结果为油菜产业的可持续发展提供重要技术保障。     

豆田蚜虫防治指标的研究

本文通过1988—1990三年研究,测定了大豆花荚期豆田蚜量与大豆产量的关系,并依据这种关系及目前大豆商品生产状况提出了新的豆田蚜虫防治指标。