大麦籽粒淀粉和β-葡聚糖积累特性研究

为研究大麦籽粒支链淀粉、直链淀粉和β-葡聚糖积累特性,及淀粉各组分与β-葡聚糖的关系,以2个皮大麦、1个裸大麦和1个糯裸大麦为试验材料,测定花后7、14、21、28d淀粉各组分及β-葡聚糖含量。结果表明,甘啤6号淀粉各组分含量随灌浆推进均逐渐升高,在成熟期达到最大值;甘垦啤7号和甘垦6号均呈先升高后降低趋势,在花后21d有1个峰值。糯大麦C 2-1直链淀粉含量显著低于非糯大麦;支链淀粉含量显著高于非糯大麦,整个灌浆期呈先升高后降低趋势。β-葡聚糖含量均随灌浆时间延长逐渐升高,成熟期含量最高;整个灌浆期糯大麦C 2-1含量显著高于非糯大麦。相关分析表明,直链淀粉/支链淀粉比值与β-葡聚糖含量呈极显著负相关,可以将直链淀粉/支链淀粉比值作为高β-葡聚糖品种选育的一个指标。Logistic方程拟合发现,直链淀粉、β-葡聚糖最终积累量与积累起势与有效积累时间有关,支链淀粉最终积累量取决于最高积累速率和平均积累速率。     

Effect of process conditions and amylose/amylopectin ratio on the pasting behavior of maize starch: A modeling approach

The effects of different process conditions on the pasting behavior of the 14%, w/w suspensions of high amylose, waxy and normal maize starches at mixing speeds of 50, 160 and 250 rpm with the heating rates of 2.5, 5 and 10 °C/min were investigated. In addition, the impact of the starch mixture with an amylose-amylopectin ratio of 0–70% at 160 rpm and a heating rate of 5 °C/min on the pasting parameters was studied. According to the results, when stirring speed decreased from 250 rpm to 50 rpm, the peak viscosity dramatically increased. Furthermore, both heating and stirring rates significantly affected the pasting properties (p < 0.05). The amylose content of maize starch had a negative correlation with peak viscosity, trough viscosity, breakdown viscosity, final viscosity, and setback viscosity. Besides, syneresis values decreased as amylose content decreased from 70% to 0%. According to the kinetic modelling of pasting curves, starch coefficients were found to be higher than 1 for all starches, indicating that the penetration of water into starch granules increased granule swelling rate. The findings of the present study confirmed that both process conditions and amylose/amylopectin ratio can be optimized without necessity of starch modification to obtain the products with the desired quality.     

储藏对稻米淀粉结构及含量的影响

综述了储藏对稻米淀粉的含量及其结构影响。分析了稻米淀粉的结构，讨论了储藏对稻米直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量与结构的影响。在此基础上，提出加强储藏过程中稻米中支链淀粉和直链淀粉中不溶性组分的含量及其结构变化等的研究，将有利于解析储藏过程中稻米淀粉特性的变化及其对稻米品质的影响。     

Allele frequency and likely impact of the glycogen branching enzyme deficiency gene in Quarter Horse and Paint Horse populations

Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency (GBED), a fatal condition recently identified in fetuses and neonatal foals of the Quarter Horse and Paint Horse lineages, is caused by a nonsense mutation in codon 34 of the GBE1 gene, which prevents the synthesis of a functional GBE protein and severely disrupts glycogen metabolism. The aims of this project were to determine the mutant GBE1 allele frequency in random samples from the major relevant horse breeds, as well as the frequency with which GBED is associated with abortion and early neonatal death using the tissue archives from veterinary diagnostic laboratories. The mutant GBE1 allele frequency in registered Quarter Horse, Paint Horse, and Thoroughbred populations was 0.041, 0.036, and 0.000, respectively. Approximately 2.5% of fetal and early neonatal deaths in Quarter Horse-related breeds submitted to 2 different US diagnostic laboratories were homozygous for the mutant GBE1 allele, with the majority of these being abortions. Retrospective histopathology of the homozygotes detected periodic acid Schiff's (PAS)-positive inclusions in the cardiac or skeletal muscle, which is characteristic of GBED, in 8 out of the 9 cases. Pedigree and genotype analyses supported the hypothesis that GBED is inherited as a simple recessive trait from a single founder. The frequency with which GBED is associated with abortion and neonatal mortality in Quarter Horse-related breeds makes the DNA-based test valuable in determining specific diagnoses and designing matings that avoid conception of a GBED foal.     

磷素对小麦籽粒支链淀粉合成及其链长分布的影响

为探究不同磷水平对小麦籽粒支链淀粉合成与支链淀粉精细结构的影响。以新冬20号（南疆主栽）和新冬23号（北疆强筋面包小麦）为材料,研究了3种施磷(P₂O₅)量 0 kg·hm^-2（CK ）、105 kg·hm^-2（CP ）和210 kg·hm^-2（HP）对小麦籽粒支链淀粉合成相关酶基因表达、相关酶活性、籽粒支链淀粉含量、支链淀粉链长分布以及籽粒全磷含量的影响。结果表明,施磷显著提高了支链淀粉合成相关酶基因（ sbe1、 sbe2a、 sbe2b、 iso1）的表达量和籽粒支链淀粉含量。CP处理提高了支链淀粉B链段的比例,但降低了A链段的比例。两个参试小麦品种籽粒中支链淀粉合成关键酶的活性对磷素的敏感性不同,新冬 20号受磷水平影响较大。施磷提高了新冬20号胚乳中蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性和酶活高峰期的淀粉分支酶（SBE）活性,提前了新冬20号胚乳中淀粉去分支酶（DBE）活性峰值的出现时间。     

双波长法测定木薯的直链和支链淀粉含量

直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量及其比例是木薯淀粉品质的重要指标。采用双波长法对30个木薯株系的直、支链淀粉的含量进行了测定,根据碘分别与直链和支链淀粉反应生成复合物的吸收光谱,我们最后确定了直链淀粉的和支链淀粉的参比波长和测定波长分别是609和469.5 nm、542和721 nm。根据回归方程得到了30个木薯株系的直链淀粉和支链淀粉的含量。本实验中用于测定木薯的直链淀粉浓度在0~26μg/m L,支链淀粉浓度在0~100μg/m L范围内符合比耳定律。结果表明:SC8不同株系的直链淀粉含量变化范围:14.879%~21.905%,支链淀粉含量变化范围:47.864%~56.955%;SC6不同株系的直链淀粉含量变化范围:15.494%~24.726%,支链淀粉含量变化范围44.292%~57.465%。该方法准确性高、重复性好、效率高,工作量小,适于批量木薯样品分析。     

Amylolysis of wheat starches. I. Digestion kinetics of starches with varying functional properties

The susceptibility of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) starches to hydrolysis by pancreatic α-amylase in vitro was investigated using a series of 35 starches with slightly enriched amylose content within a narrow range (36–43%), but widely differing functional properties. After 2 h of incubation with α-amylase, native starch granules were digested to different extents, but there were no differences between any of the starches once they were gelatinized. Cooling the starch for 72 h at 4 °C after cooking reduced the susceptibility of all of the starches to enzymic digestion by a similar extent, whereas addition of monopalmitin decreased the digestibility of the starches that contained amylose, but did not affect the digestibility of waxy starches that were also included in the study. Amylopectin chain length distribution of partly digested starch granules displayed increased proportion of short and medium chains and decreased proportion of long chains in comparison to native granules. Separated large (A) and small (B) starch granules from three of the starches differed significantly in their susceptibility to in-vitro digestion. A predictive model of the susceptibility of starch in the different forms was developed from the physico-chemical and functional properties of the starches.     

籽用和肉用印度南瓜果实发育过程中淀粉合成途径相关基因的表达分析

以籽用印度南瓜自交系98-2 及肉用印度南瓜自交系312-1 为试材，对印度南瓜果实淀粉含量及淀粉代谢相关基因的表达模式进行研究。结果表明：312-1 和98-2 果实中的总淀粉和支链淀粉积累模式存在明显差异，312-1 中总淀粉和支链淀粉积累模式相似，都是随着果实发育逐渐积累，在授粉后40 d 时达到高峰，随后略有下降，而98-2 中总淀粉和支链淀粉含量一直维持在果实发育初期（授粉后5 d）水平，没有显著积累的过程；在果实发育的各个时期312-1 中总淀粉和支链淀粉含量均极显著高于98-2。2 份材料中直链淀粉的积累模式大致相同，都维持在果实发育初期的积累水平，但在果实发育的各个时期312-1 中直链淀粉含量均显著或极显著高于98-2。在淀粉组成上，2 份材料均是以支链淀粉为主。淀粉合成途径关键酶基因除ISAⅢ、SSSⅡ和SBEⅡ基因外，GPT、AATP、PGM、AGPaseL、GBSSⅠ、SSSⅢ和SBEⅠ基因在2 份材料果实发育过程中的表达趋势相似，其表达量在2 份材料中存在较大差异，结合2 份材料果实中直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量，推测GPT、AATP、AGPaseL、GBSSⅠ、SSSⅡ、SSSⅢ、SBEⅠ和SBEⅡ基因是调控印度南瓜果实中淀粉积累的关键酶基因。     

糯小麦种质资源宁W0065的评价与利用

为了解引进的糯小麦新品系宁W0065的利用价值,对其农艺性状、抗病性和支链淀粉含量进行了分析鉴定。研究结果表明,宁W0065具有株高偏高、穗长偏短、千粒重偏轻、生育期偏晚及易感白粉病等缺点,不能在四川生产上直接利用。不过,宁W0065具有分蘖力强、成穗率高及纯糯的特点,可作为优异种质资源加以利用。     

氮肥基追比对弱筋小麦宁麦9号籽粒淀粉合成及相关酶活性的影响

 为研究弱筋小麦籽粒淀粉形成的机制，以弱筋小麦宁麦9号为材料，对不同氮肥基追比对其籽粒淀粉合成及相关酶活性的影响及相关生理基础研究表明，氮肥基追比7∶1∶2处理与5∶1∶4处理相比，花后7～28 d籽粒直、支链淀粉及总淀粉积累速率低，成熟籽粒直链淀粉含量低，支链淀粉、总淀粉含量高，剑叶蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性和蔗糖含量低，籽粒蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性低，籽粒蔗糖含量高，籽粒ADPG焦磷酸化酶(AGPP)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)、束缚态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)活性低，淀粉积累量低。相关分析表明，籽粒中AGPP、SSS、GBSS与直、支链及总淀粉积累速率、籽粒灌浆速率呈极显著正相关，说明这几种酶对促进籽粒淀粉的积累起重要作用。