Glacier mass balance in High Mountain Asia inferred from a GRACE release-6 gravity solution for the period 2002–2016

We provide estimates of glacier mass changes in the High Mountain Asia (HMA) area from April2002 to August 2016 by employing a new version of gravity solutions of the Gravity Recovery and ClimateExperiment (GRACE) twin-satellite mission. We find a total mass loss trend of the HMA glaciers at a rateof –22.17 (±1.96) Gt/a. The largest mass loss rates of –7.02 (±0.94) and –6.73 (±0.78) Gt/a are found forthe glaciers in Nyainqentanglha Mountains and Eastern Himalayas, respectively. Although most glaciers inthe HMA area show a mass loss, we find a small glacier mass gain of 1.19 (±0.55) and 0.77 (±0.37) Gt/a inKarakoram Mountains and Western Kunlun Mountains, respectively. There is also a nearly zero massbalance in Pamirs. Our estimates of glacier mass change trends confirm previous results from the analysisof altimetry data of the ICESat (ICE, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite) and ASTER (AdvancedSpaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) DEM (Digital Elevation Model) satellites inmost of the selected glacier areas. However, they largely differ to previous GRACE-based studies which weattribute to our different post-processing techniques of the newer GRACE data. In addition, we explicitlyshow regional mass change features for both the interannual glacier mass changes and the 14-a averagedseasonal glacier mass changes. These changes can be explained in parts by total net precipitation (netsnowfall and net rainfall) and net snowfall, but mostly by total net radiation energy when compared to datafrom the ERA5-Land meteorological reanalysis. Moreover, nearly all the non-trend interannual masschanges and most seasonal mass changes can be explained by the total net radiation energy data. The massloss trends could be partly related to a heat effect due to increased net rainfall in Tianshan Mountains, QilianMountains, Nyainqentanglha Mountains and Eastern Himalayas. Our new results for the glacier mass changein this study could help improve the understanding of glacier variation in the HMA area and contribute tothe study of global change. They could also serve the utilization of water resources there and in neighboringareas.     

不同氮素水平下双季稻株型与冠层内光截获特征研究

本文旨在阐明双季稻株型与冠层内光合有效辐射截获的时空分布特征。选用4个不同株型早、晚稻品种,设置4个不同施氮水平,系统观测其植株形态和冠层内光合有效辐射截获率(IPAR)的时空分布状况。结果表明,施氮水平对早、晚稻株高、穗长、叶长和叶基角均有显著影响,均表现为随施氮水平的增加而增大;早、晚稻孕穗期的分层叶面积指数(LAI)和向上累积LAI大于抽穗后12 d,分层LAI呈冠层中部大于上部和下部的分布特征,最大分层LAI出现在0.58相对高度处;冠层上中部分层LAI和向上累积LAI随施氮水平的增加而增大;向上累积LAI随相对高度呈S型曲线分布,可用Logistic方程定量描述(R~2 0.99);早、晚稻孕穗期的冠层IPAR大于抽穗后12 d,且随施氮水平的增加而增大,其日变化表现为正午较小,早晚较大;株型紧凑的早、晚稻品种,冠层IPAR低;冠层IPAR与向下累积LAI之间的关系可用方程IPAR=a (1-e~(-b×LAI))定量描述(R~2 0.88);冠层内IPAR的三维空间分布表现为冠层上中部水平面上IPAR较低,光斑变化大,冠层下部水平面上IPAR较高,光斑变化较平缓,同一冠层高度水平面上的IPAR呈不均匀分布。研究结果可为双季稻高产栽培及理想株型的优化设计提供支撑。     

Assessing the utility of topographic variables in predicting structural complexity of tree stands in a reforested urban landscape

The transformation of natural landscapes into impervious built-up surfaces through urbanization is known to significantly interfere with the ecological integrity of urban landscapes and accelerate climate change and associated impacts. Although urban reforestation is widely recognised as an ideal mitigation practice against these impacts, it often has to compete with other lucrative land uses within an urban area. The often limited urban space provided for reforestation therefore necessitates the optimization of the ecological benefits, which demands spatially explicit information. The recent proliferation of tree stands structural complexity (SSC) and topographic data offer great potential for determining the ecological performance of reforested areas across an urban landscape. This study explores the potential of using topographic datasets to predict SSC in a reforested urban landscape and ranks the value of these topographic variables in determining SSC. Tree structural data from a reforested urban area was collected and fed into a tree stand structural complexity index, which was used to indicate ecological performance. Topographic variables (Topographic Wetness Index, slope, Area Solar Radiation and elevation)- were derived from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and used to predict SSC using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression technique. Results show that SSC varied significantly between the topographic variables. Results also show that the topographic variables could be used to reliably predict SSC. As expected, the Topographic Wetness Index and slope were the most important topographic determinants of SSC while elevation was the least valuable. These results provide valuable spatially explicit information about the ecological performance of the reforested areas within an urban landscape. Specifically, the study demonstrates the value of topographic data as aids to urban reforestation planning.     

基于辐射和温度的ET0模型在吐鲁番地区的比较与修正

利用吐鲁番地区3个气象站2000—2015年逐日气象资料,以FAO-56 Penman-Monteith(FAO-56 PM)模型为标准,对6种ET_0模型(M-A模型、P-T模型、M-H模型、H-S模型、Traj模型和B-H模型)进行评价并修正,采用均方根误差(RMSE)、绝对平均误差(MAE)、平均相对误差(MRE)评价指标和Wilcoxon非参数检验法比较年、月尺度上各模型修正前后的估算精度,以筛选适用吐鲁番地区ET_0简化估算模型。结果表明:吐鲁番地区ET_0的主要影响因子是R_s(太阳辐射),其次是e_s(饱和水汽压)和R_n(作物表面净辐射);修正前,年尺度上,M-H模型的估算精度最高;月尺度上,各模型误差较大且与FAO-56 PM模型存在显著差异,适用性较差;修正后,各模型在年、月尺度上的精度均有明显提高,无显著差异,其中修正后的P-T、M-H和B-H模型估算精度最高,可作为吐鲁番地区ET_0简化估算模型。     

中药合理辐照灭菌剂量设定的初步研究

目前尚无适用于中药辐照合理剂量设定的标准,为了规范中药辐照剂量的设定,本试验参考ISO 11137的标准抗性分布(SDR),计算中药辐照的理论剂量,并与9种中药粉和1种丸剂的实际系列辐照剂量进行比对。结果表明,丸剂和个别中药粉理论剂量比实际剂量偏小,达到-88%~-50%;有7种中药粉的理论剂量与实际剂量基本一致,偏差约为1k Gy。推断大部分中药粉可以通过SDR计算出合理的理论剂量,但对丸剂不建议按照SDR直接进行辐照剂量设定。本研究结果有效地提高了中药合理剂量筛选的效率,降低辐照风险,为中药辐照灭菌剂量的合理设定提供了方法参考。     

基于土壤微波辐射布儒斯特角反演土壤含水率

在利用被动微波遥感技术进行裸露地表土壤含水率(Soil Moisture Content,SMC)的反演中,土壤粗糙度是制约反演精度的最关键因素。该研究利用改进的积分方程模型(Advanced Integral Equation Model,AIEM)进行地表多角度微波发射率的模拟,探索地表微波辐射多角度信息用于提高地表SMC反演精度的可行性。基于不同SMC和不同粗糙度地表多角度V极化发射率数据的变化趋势提取土壤介质布儒斯特角,结果表明,土壤布儒斯特角对SMC具有较高的敏感性,C波段(6.6 GHz)不同含水率土壤的布儒斯特角分布在60°～80°范围内。基于AIEM模拟数据的分析发现,土壤布儒斯特角正切值与SMC具有较好的线性关系,线性拟合决定系数为0.94,均方根误差为0.027cm~3/cm~3,并得到了基于布儒斯特角的裸露地表SMC反演算法。基于模拟数据的算法验证结果表明,算法的SMC预测值与理论值的决定系数为0.95,均方根误差为0.024 cm~3/cm~3。算法在不同土壤粗糙度自相关函数下均表现出稳健的特性,SMC预测精度最大均方根误差为0.027 cm~3/cm~3,最小为0.023cm~3/cm~3。基于布儒斯特角的SMC反演算法利用的是多角度土壤发射率的相对变化而非其绝对数值,该研究为SMC的多角度被动微波遥感提供了一种不同的研究思路。     

60Co-γ射线对9种庭院月季扦插苗的辐射效应研究

为探讨⁶⁰Co-γ射线对不同庭院月季品种扦插苗的辐射诱变效应,以粉扇、金凤凰、梅朗口红、紫袍玉带、安吉拉、粉色达芬奇、你的眼睛、香槟和九重香9个庭院月季品种的扦插苗为研究对象,⁶⁰Co-γ射线为辐照源,设置不同剂量(0、25、45、60、80 Gy)进行辐射处理,测定了死亡率、萌芽率、变异率和主要的形态指标。结果表明,随着辐射剂量增加,月季扦插苗平均死亡率逐渐增加,从33.61%(0 Gy)上升至79.71%(80 Gy);植株生长受到显著抑制,植株变异率呈先升高后降低的趋势,辐射剂量为45 Gy时,植株变异率达到最高,占总体变异率(4.20‰)的64.70%。此外,不同品种月季对⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐射的敏感性不同,半致死辐射剂量也存在差异,其有效值介于26~55 Gy之间。综合⁶⁰Co-γ射线对月季扦插苗死亡率、生长势和变异率的影响,推荐庭院月季扦插苗的最适辐射剂量为45 Gy,这为月季辐射育种提供了理论基础。     

一种播补一体化新型马铃薯播种机的设计与试验

现有马铃薯漏播补偿方案普遍需附加补偿种箱及单独设置补偿排种通道，导致系统结构复杂、补偿种薯落点偏差较大。为此，本研究提出了基于单向离合器的播补一体化马铃薯播种机新方案。该方案排种链轮正常播种使用地轮动力，而补偿状态在单向离合器协调下转移至补偿专用电动机，补偿完成后则继续恢复至地轮。基于此，在计算所需时间内，采用后一取种勺上的种薯直接追赶前一缺种位置的追赶式补偿方案，可以使补偿种薯也在原排种通道中运动，独立的补偿种薯专用通道不再需要，从而使系统结构简化、可靠性提高。样机田间试验表明，所采用的红外辐射排种监测系统误判率不超过1‰，系统平均自然漏播率对排种速度不敏感，漏播补偿成功率随着排种链速度的增加而快速降低，但即使达到正常排种链速最高值0.8 m·s^-1，依然有平均74%以上的漏播能被成功补偿，系统平均最终漏播率不足平均自然漏播率的1/4，漏播补偿作用效果明显。     

Productive and biochemical responses of durum wheat to UV filtration

A UV exclusion experiment was conducted on durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf. var. Claudio) grown in pots. Plants were grown under three different radiative treatments in greenhouses covered with plastic filters: Teflon, transparent to the entire region of natural UV‐visible sunlight (TEF); polyester, transparent above 312 nm (MYL, excluding UVB) and Lee, transparent above 400 nm (LEE, excluding both UVA and UVB). Analyses have been carried out to determine the concentration of photosynthetic pigments in leaves, UV‐absorbing compounds, nitrogen and carbon in leaves, culms and spikes and proteins and gluten in grains. In particular, plants grown under UV exclusion showed a reduction in protein and dry gluten content (consequently without variation in the ratio dry gluten/protein), but at the same time, a significant increase of gluten index, which is a parameter to define the quality of gluten, was observed. The results highlighted the influence played by UV radiation on some biochemical parameters, mainly UV‐absorbing compounds, leaf nitrogen and grain protein characteristics of durum wheat cultivated under Mediterranean conditions. In particular, natural level of UV in the Mediterranean improves the characteristics of durum wheat flour important for pasta production (high dry gluten level), while the UV exclusion could improve characteristics of flour important for bread production (high gluten index).     

火灾环境下邻近罐壁热辐射分布实验

油罐火灾蔓延的主要因素是油罐热辐射,在着火罐火焰热辐射作用下,邻近罐极易被引燃,造成整个罐区大面积起火。为了研究邻近罐罐壁热辐射分布规律,建立了油罐燃烧对邻近罐热辐射影响的小尺寸实验装置,开展了火灾环境下邻近罐壁热辐射分布的实验研究。结果表明:在火灾环境下,邻近罐正对着火罐方向的罐壁受辐射作用最大,热辐射从罐顶到罐底逐渐降低、从中心向两边呈轴对称降低;随着L/D(L为相邻两个油罐的距离,D为油罐的直径)增大,邻近罐热辐射下降。实验数据为火灾环境下邻近罐的热辐射研究提供了参考,对防止邻近罐被引燃,做好油罐区火灾爆炸事故的预防具有重大意义。