耐辐射丝状真菌F161的分离鉴定及其对锶的吸附特性

【目的】鉴定分离自新疆某辐射污染区的丝状真菌F161,研究其吸附锶特性。【方法】采用形态学观察、分子生物学鉴定及碳源利用实验鉴定菌种;采用压力试验和吸附试验研究特性,对锶的吸附测定采用ICP-MS,对放射性90锶的吸附的测定采用液闪检测仪。【结果】菌株F161鉴定为青霉属真菌;菌株F161能够耐受10 KGy剂量的钴源照射,对重金属离子Cr³⁺、Zn²⁺、Co²⁺、Pb²⁺、Hg²⁺均有较高耐受性。在pH 7.0,28℃下,伴随生长3~4 d,F161对Sr²⁺吸附效率最高能达到36.67%,对放射性90锶的吸附率为49.45%。【结论】F161是1株对放射性核素污染具有修复能力的土著丝状真菌,在有较高的重金属离子混合污染的放射性环境中具有一定的修复应用潜力。     

施加钙对锶胁迫下麻疯树生长及生理生化的影响

为了研究外源钙对锶胁迫下麻疯树生理生化的影响,本试验以麻疯树为研究材料,施加88Sr2+(200mg·kg-1)与不同浓度Ca2+(0、100和200mg·kg-1),处理30、70和120 d后取样,测定生长指标及生理生化等指标,以此研究Ca2+对麻疯树所受Sr2+胁迫的调节作用。结果表明:施加Ca2+促进了株高和叶面积增加,并在前期大量促进叶绿素的合成;最大荧光Fm和最大光化学效率Fv/Fm等荧光参数随着处理时间逐渐升高并在120 d时显著高于对照组,表明Ca2+降低了胁迫对PSII反应中心的损害;施加Ca2+后幼苗SOD、POD和CAT活性明显降低,说明88Sr2+胁迫对抗氧化防御系统的刺激有所降低;丙二醛与脯氨酸含量的降低也表明施加Ca2+缓解了幼苗所受88Sr2+胁迫。通过对比,低浓度Ca2+能够更好地缓解胁迫,对株高、株茎和叶面积的促进作用明显高于高浓度Ca2+处理。在处理30 d时,低浓度Ca2+对叶绿素含量、Fv/Fm和电子传递速率ETR的调节效果更明显。因此,Ca2+可以在一定程度上缓解88Sr2+对麻疯树幼苗的胁迫,并且低浓度Ca2+的缓解效果更明显。研究结果为木本植物修复放射性核素污染土壤提供了一定的科学依据。     

Sr胁迫对油菜幼苗抗氧化指标影响的研究

在石英砂和Hoagland营养液培养条件下,用浓度为0、10、20和40mmol/L的88Sr2+(88SrC l2)处理油菜幼苗(Brassica napus L.)(三叶期到六叶期),动态研究Sr胁迫对油菜幼苗抗氧化指标的影响,以及Sr2+积累量和富集能力的变化。结果表明,油菜幼苗对Sr2+表现出高富集能力,富集能力依次为:叶茎根,Sr2+浓度越高,富集能力越低。与对照相比,Sr2+胁迫下的油菜超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量随Sr2+浓度的增加及胁迫时间的延长呈先上升后下降趋势;过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性则随富集Sr2+能力的提高而降低。因此得出结论,油菜幼苗对Sr胁迫具有较高的耐受能力和富集能力;叶片是最主要的富集器官;富集能力与POD,CAT活性显著负相关。     

Detection of full and limited amphidromous migratory dynamics of fish in Caribbean rivers

All native fishes living in the Caribbean island rivers are considered diadromous but few species have been validated as diadromous. In Guadeloupe (Lesser Antilles) as well as in the other tropical islands, the riverine habitats are subject to strong anthropogenic pressure due to resource modifications or dams. The management of fish biodiversity requires knowledge concerning their life history traits and behaviour that are still unknown for most species at a local scale and at the whole distribution area of the species. In a Guadeloupe river, we inferred the migratory patterns of four freshwater fishes common to Caribbean rivers by the analysis of otolith microchemistry. We found two species Eleotris perniger (Eleotridae) and Sicydium plumieri (Gobiidae) to be completely amphidromous with a marine larval phase and a freshwater adult phase. Agonostomus monticola (Mugilidae) was also found to be amphidromous in this system. The fourth species Gobiesox cephalus (Gobiesocidae) showed elemental ratios suggesting an estuarine larval phase and was defined as “limited amphidromous”. The identification of such life history traits, with limited dispersion abilities, argues for specific management measures in tropical island rivers at a basin scale for the conservation of biodiversity.     

锶及柴油胁迫下3种杨树对土壤锶的富集特征

为探究杨树对土壤锶污染的修复能力,以白杨、俄罗斯杨和青杨为试材,在100 mg·kg~(-1)Sr~(2+),15mg·kg~(-1)柴油,15 mg·kg~(-1)柴油+100 mg·kg~(-1)Sr~(2+)条件下处理60 d,通过测定杨树的生长指标及各器官Sr~(2+)富集浓度,探讨比较不同种的杨树对土壤Sr~(2+)的富集特征和富集能力差异。结果表明,单一Sr~(2+)胁迫能够促进俄罗斯杨和青杨幼苗的生长,对白杨的生长表现出一定抑制效应;而柴油污染胁迫对杨树的生长均具有明显的抑制作用,其中白杨对柴油胁迫的耐受性优于俄罗斯杨和青杨。单独Sr~(2+)胁迫下3种杨树幼苗各器官Sr~(2+)富集为叶根茎,其中白杨的总富集浓度最高,达到2.369 mg·g~(-1)DW,青杨最低,为1.203 mg·g~(-1)DW。在柴油和Sr~(2+)的复合胁迫下,白杨、俄罗斯杨和青杨对Sr~(2+)的富集浓度明显减小,分别为1.344、1.145和0.604 mg·g~(-1)DW;但白杨和俄罗斯杨富集特征变化不大,青杨Sr~(2+)富集浓度最大的器官由叶变为根。此外,柴油的施加对3种杨树转运能力的影响具有显著差异,其中白杨的转运能力增强了15.76%,青杨显著降低了61.83%,说明杨树对土壤Sr~(2+)及其与柴油复合污染胁迫都有较好的耐受及Sr~(2+)富集能力,其中白杨更适合作为污染治理树种。本研究结果为锶及柴油污染土壤的植物修复提供了参考依据。     

Base Cation Fluxes in Mountain Landscapes of Lake Baikal Southern Shore

Abstract

Assessing base cation [calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), potassium (K⁺)] fluxes is necessary for determining ecosystem stability. This study was conducted in the Osinovka River catchment located on the Khamar‐Daban Ridge, South Baikal, which is characterized by high precipitation (more than 1700 mm per annum). The contributions of different ecosystem components such as atmospheric deposition, soil exchange pool, minerals, vegetation, surface water, and groundwater into the total base cations flux were evaluated, combining the strontium isotope approach and budget study. Results show the leading role of atmosphere in ecosystem supply with base cations. The atmosphere contributes 48% of total base cations flux, and its contributions to plant‐available nutrition pools of both organic and mineral horizons are equal to 50%. This makes the vitality of vegetation, to a great extent, dependent on the stability of atmospheric chemistry.     

贵州黄壤地区植物营养元素来源的Sr同位素示踪

为研究植物营养元素来源,对贵州龙里地区黄壤上生长的12种主要植物的部分营养元素含量及Sr同位素特征进行了分析。结果表明:喀斯特地区黄壤上的植物具有高钙含量,营养元素含量由高到低排序为CaKMg;研究区植物的Ca、K、Sr平均含量均高出报道的陆生植物的平均含量,但比贵州地区同样以灰岩为母质发育而来的石灰土上生长的植物低;植物样品的87Sr/86Sr同位素比值变化范围在0.708 56～0.711 45之间。基于锶同位素组成的端员模式计算结果表明,除了苔藓、石松的营养元素主要来源于大气输入外,其他植物的营养元素主要来源于土壤风化。      

锶-89在土壤中淋溶和迁移的研究

采用微土芯装置研究了~(89)Sr在淹水土壤中的淋溶和垂直迁移。结果表明:1.通过18cm土柱后的淋溶水中~(89)Sr含量甚微:青紫泥约占标记量 0.2％,小粉土约占 0.3％,红黄壤约2.4％。2.滞留于土壤中的~(89)Sr,一半以上残存于表层2cm内:青紫泥67.4％,小粉土65.7％,红黄壤 55.1％。3.土壤中~(89)Sr-Sr含量随土壤深度按指数规律衰减:青紫泥 C_3=892.93 e~(-0.5073 x),小粉土C_1=498.96 e~(-0.3365 x),红黄壤C_2=341.29 e~(-0.1924 x);就随深度衰减速率而言,青紫泥>小粉土>红黄壤。     

Characteristics and classification of an unirrigated anthropogenic-alluvial soil found in the Kumamoto Plain

In Japan anthropogenic-alluvial soils excluding irrigated rice soils are lagging for behind other genetic soil types in pedological investigations. Although there are some investigations of anthropogenic-alluvial soils used for mulberry plantations, orchards, vegetable gardens, and seeding beds for trees, the main object of these investigations is not pedological. Kanno et al. (1) reported that unirrigated anthropogenic-alluvial soils used for vegetable growing in the Chikugo Plain resemble the “Alochthonous brown warp soil” defined by Kubiena (2). First of all, it is of great importance to accumulate general data for unirrigated anthropogenic-alluvial soils and to develop the classification principles for them. Classification problems will be settled in accordance with the accumulated data. This paper deals with characteristics of an unirrigated anthorpogenic-alluvial soil found in the Kumamoto Plain and with classification principles for it. These principles have almost never been described for a pedological standpoint in Japan.     

Relative contributions from exposed inshore and estuarine nursery grounds to the recruitment of stone flounder, Platichthys bicoloratus, estimated using otolith Sr:Ca ratios

In Sendai Bay, stone flounder larvae settle and spend their juvenile period in either shallow exposed inshore nursery grounds or estuarine nursery grounds. The purpose of this study is to examine the relative contributions of these two kinds of nursery grounds to the flounder population using otolith strontium:calcium ratios. Stone flounder juveniles were collected from both nursery grounds, and one- and two-year-old flounder were caught deeper in Sendai Bay. Sr and Ca content in the otoliths were measured by electron probe micro analysis. The Sr:Ca ratios in the otolith section corresponding to the early postsettlement period ranged from 3.06 to 3.85 for the exposed inshore areas with stable low temperature and high salinity conditions, and from 3.81 to 5.32 in brackish estuaries with high temperature and low salinity conditions but with large diel and tidal cyclical fluctuations. Values from an estuarine site with stable salinity ranged from 3.58 to 4.15 overlapping with both the above ranges. Rearing experiments supported our inference that the high otolith Sr:Ca ratios of juveniles inhabiting estuarine nursery grounds are attributable to higher temperature and physiological stress caused by the large diel temperature and salinity fluctuations within the estuaries. Estimation of the Sr:Ca ratio of recruited fish using the otolith section formed while in the nursery area showed that at least 20 out of 42 individuals examined originated from estuarine nursery grounds. The present study indicates that estuaries play an important role as nursery grounds for stone flounder, producing about half of the stock in spite of the small and restricted area compared with the wide expanse of the exposed inshore area.