饥饿和重摄食对鲤鱼脂蛋白脂肪酶活性的影响

采用对硝基苯酚法测定正常摄食、饥饿(14 d)和重摄食(3 d)状态下鲤鱼不同组织和器官中脂肪酶及脂蛋白脂肪酶(lipoproteinlipase,LPL)的活性。结果显示:与正常摄食相比,饥饿鲤鱼肌肉、脂肪和心脏中脂肪酶比活力显著下降(P0.05),但脂肪和心脏中LPL比活力显著升高(P0.05);除脂肪中LPL外,重摄食3d的鲤鱼各组织和器官中脂肪酶和LPL比活力比正常摄食和饥饿鲤鱼均显著升高(P0.05),有明显的补偿作用。     

饥饿情况下蠋蝽种内互残行为发生时期及影响

为明确饥饿情况下蠋蝽种内残杀行为的发生时期和影响因素，指导蠋蝽规模化繁育和释放，本文研究了不同发育时期和密度下的蠋蝽种内残杀行为。研究发现：蠋蝽对卵粒的种内互残行为主要发生在饥饿24 h以内，雌性蠋蝽对卵粒的取食行为显著强于雄性蠋蝽，取食比例是雄性的2.80～3.25倍、取食量是雄性的18.75～21.20倍，雌性取食下的卵粒羽化率为70.66%，显著低于雄性和对照的86.59%和87.88%。发育时期和饲养密度均显著影响蠋蝽的种内残杀行为，主要发生在饥饿后的19.63～36.00 h，并且1、2、3龄若虫没有表现出种内残杀行为，4龄以后种内残杀行为显著；低密度下蠋蝽种内互残行为不显著，但高密度会增强种内互残行为，且随密度的增加，种内互残行为显著增强。     

Effects of prebiotic mannan oligosaccharide on the growth,survival, and anxiety-like behaviors of zebrafish (Danio rerio)

A study was designed to investigate the possible positive prebiotic effects of mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) on growth and reduction of anxiety behaviors in zebrafish (Danio rerio). The experimental diets were supplemented with 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 g MOS kg^?1 and were fed to juvenile fish (0.47 ± 0.017 g) in triplicates for six weeks. Significant differences were found in the final body weight, body weight intake, percent body weight intake, and specific growth rate among treatments. The regression analyses showed that the optimum MOS level was 4–4.1 g MOS kg^?1 diet. Fish fed 4 g MOS kg^?1 feed showed higher survival than the other treatments. Also, using the novel tank test, fish fed with 4 g MOS kg^?1 diet showed lower anxiety by swimming in the upper portion of the tank. The other behavior parameters remained unaffected by the prebiotic. The results indicated the beneficial effect of the prebiotic MOS on growth and partly on welfare of zebrafish juveniles.     

饥饿不同时间后投喂对许氏平鮋生长及体成分的影响

在室内水温21.8~25℃条件下,将初始体质量为(8.87±0.16)g的许氏平鮋Sebastes schlegeli放养在50cm×50cm×100cm网箱中,饥饿0(S0)、3(S3)、6(S6)、9(S9)和12d(S12)后分别投喂30d、27d、24d、21d和18d,每组3个重复,测定其体质量、肥满度、脏体指数、肝体指数、摄食率、食物转化率及全鱼和肝脏主要生化组成的变化。结果表明:随着饥饿时间的延长,幼鱼体质量逐渐降低,各饥饿组鱼体质量显著低于同期对照组(P0.05)。恢复投喂后,S3组体质量、增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)显著高于对照组S0(P0.05),S6与S0组无显著差异(P0.05),而S9与S12组未能达到S0水平(P0.05)。S3组食物转化率(FCE)显著高于其余各组(P0.05),S9、S12组则显著低于对照组(P0.05)。饥饿状态下,各饥饿组鱼肝体指数与脏体指数显著小于S0组(P0.05));恢复投喂后各组肝体指数、脏体指数与对照组无显著差异。随着饥饿时间的延长,鱼体粗灰分含量显著升高(P0.05),水分与粗蛋白含量呈上升趋势(P0.05)。饥饿6d后,鱼体粗脂肪含量显著低于对照组,饥饿12d时粗脂肪含量比饥饿前降低了19.33%(P0.05)。恢复投喂后,各试验组间鱼体水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量差异不显著(P0.05)。S9和S12组中肝脏粗脂肪含量显著低于S0组(P0.05)。     

Effect of starvation on survival and biochemical profile of newborn juvenile lined seahorses,Hippocampus erectus (Perry, 1810)

This study assessed the effect of starvation on survival and nutritional status of newborn juveniles H. erectus (<10 days) to optimize rearing protocols, thereby helping to reduce wildlife exploitation. Maximum starvation time (MST) was estimated through the survival of juveniles continuously starved from birth. Resistance to starvation and the effect of food re‐introduction after 1, 2, 4 and 6 days of starvation on survival and metabolite concentrations (total proteins, total lipids, acylglycerides, cholesterol, glucose) were also determined. Survival amongst continuously starved animals decreased from 6.6 ± 0.5 to 0% from days 9 to 10 of starvation. Seahorses under different starvation–refeeding treatments all had 100% survival up to day 5 of experiments. After 10 days, however, a 4‐day starvation period followed by refeeding showed negative effects with <50% survival. During continuous starvation, lipids were the first energy reserve used to maintain basal metabolism, followed by proteins. Except for cholesterol, all metabolite concentrations differed between continuous starvations and feeding. Despite high seahorse survival after 5 days in the absence of food, the recovery of the metabolic status is possible after a starvation period of no more than 2 days, since irreversible physiological changes compromising the ultimate survival of the organisms take place after this time.     

Nutrient starvation affects expression of LC3 family at the feto-maternal interface during murine placentation

LC3 − the mammalian homolog of Atg8 − was found as autophagosome membrane binding protein in mammals and widely used as an autophagosomal marker. LC3A, B and C show different expression patterns in each tissue. The aim of this study was to reveal the differences of expression patterns among LC3 families in mouse placenta under normal condition and nutrient starving condition. LC3A and B were highly expressed in decidual cells. LC3A and B were increased in D14 compared with D12 and D16 in mouse placenta, while LC3C was decreased. Starvation induced increase in LC3B expression specifically. Immunohistochemistry showed different expression patterns among LC3A, B and C. LC3A expression in syncytiotrophoblast was vanished by starvation. The results of real time RT-PCR suggested differences between D12 and D16 in autophagic cascade induced by starvation. Taken together, this study suggests that autophagy could play a role in placental invasion system and that nutrient starvation affects LC3B expression.     

饥饿后再投喂对星斑川鲽生长、摄食的影响

采用饥饿不同时间后再恢复投喂相同时间的方法,在温度(19±1)℃、盐度32±1的条件下,对相同规格的星斑川鲽[(26.02±0.30)g]的生长、摄食进行了研究。研究结果表明,饥饿5 d的星斑川鲽在恢复投喂20 d后鱼体质量超过对照组水平,差异不显著(P>0.05),获得了超补偿生长;饥饿10d的星斑川鲽恢复投喂20 d后,鱼体质量接近对照组水平,差异不显著(P>0.05),获得了完全补偿生长;饥饿15 d的星斑川鲽恢复投喂20 d后,鱼体质量未能达到对照组水平,差异显著(P<0.05),获得了部分补偿生长。饥饿后再投喂处理对星斑川鲽的体质量、全长、特定生长率、比肝质量等生长指标均有显著影响;对总摄食量、平均摄食量、食物转化率、摄食率、吸收率、排粪率的影响亦比较明显。结果表明,饥饿5 d的星斑川鲽在恢复投喂后生长最快,表现出很强的补偿生长能力。     

Proteomics analysis of mitochondrial extract from liver of female zebrafish undergoing starvation and refeeding

Many fish species can withstand long period of food deprivation and consequently compensate for any weight loss by undergoing rapid growth during resumption of feeding. There is an interest in taking advantage of compensatory growth to reduce feed cost. In this present study, we attempted to compare the changes in hepatic mitochondrial proteome of zebrafish undergoing starvation and refeeding. Two‐dimensional gel separation and image analysis revealed a total of 65 spots that showed changes in expression after 15 days of starvation followed by 7 days of refeeding. A total of 35 proteins were selected for mass spectrometry analysis, resulting in the positive identification of 18 proteins. Identified proteins indicated that starvation resulted in reduction in glycolysis and increase in gluconeogenesis, while refeeding caused these activities to return to normal levels. Expression pattern of several proteins related to fatty acid and amino acid metabolism also suggested the utilization of non‐carbohydrate resources for energy during starving conditions. Proteins with chaperoning and antioxidative roles such as glucose‐regulated protein, paraxonase and heat‐shock protein were also upregulated in starved conditions.     

氮饥饿与磷饥饿促使缺刻缘绿藻花生四烯酸含量增加的比较

以富含花生四烯酸(AA)的缺刻缘绿藻H4301为研究对象,探讨了不同光照强度条件下氮饥饿与磷饥饿对藻生物量、AA及脂肪酸含量变化的影响。发现氮饥饿与磷饥饿均降低了藻类的生长速率与生物量,当在60 μmol photons/(m²·s)的低光照强度下,磷饥饿时的藻类平均生长速率最低［0.025 g/(d·L)］,不足BG-11完全培养基中该藻生长速率的一半;氮饥饿与磷饥饿均能提高藻细胞总脂肪酸及AA的含量,但在低光照强度下磷饥饿的促进效果比较差;无论是完全培养基中还是饥饿处理时,200 μmol photons/(m²·s)的高光照强度都不利于藻细胞AA及多不饱和脂肪酸的合成与积累;随着饥饿时间的不断持续,AA占总脂肪酸的百分含量逐渐增加,而亚油酸的百分含量逐渐降低,但在磷饥饿时,油酸的百分含量也增加,特别在高光照强度下,以油酸为主的单不饱和脂肪酸含量在第27天时占细胞干重的5.28%,以致AA含量的增加没有氮饥饿时的显著。从脂肪酸成分的变化来分析,该藻在氮或磷饥饿过程中主要是从亚油酸到γ-亚麻酸再到20∶3ω6这个途径来合成并积累AA,其中Δ6去饱和酶是限速酶,而ω3去饱和酶催化步骤受饥饿处理的负调控对确保AA的合成与积累有较大的积极作用。氮饥饿使藻细胞蛋白质合成受阻以及磷饥饿使核酸合成、糖类与能量代谢产生障碍,从而阻止藻类的生长并迫使细胞代谢流转向不含氮和磷的脂肪酸合成代谢,以提高藻细胞总脂肪酸及AA含量。