China's alfalfa market and imports: Development,trends, and potential impacts of the U.S.–China trade dispute and retaliations

This study examines the development and trends of China's alfalfa market and imports, identifies key factors for the rapid increase in China's alfalfa imports, and discusses potential impacts of the U.S.–China trade dispute and retaliations on the alfalfa markets and trade in both nations. China's rapid transition toward larger-scale commercial dairy production, with enhanced feed and cost management as well as quality and safety control, and its limited resources for high-quality alfalfa production are key factors for the dramatic increase in its alfalfa imports, from 19 601 metric tons in 2008 to 1.38 million metric tons (mmt) in 2018. While the United States dominated China's alfalfa imports with an average share of 97.01% from 2007 to 2017, the share dropped to 83.76% in 2018 and 63.28% in January 2019 due to the trade dispute and retaliations started in 2018. China will likely remain a large importer of alfalfa because of both its growing demand and the comparative advantages of imported alfalfa in quality and price, but the imports from the United States will be highly affected by the ongoing trade dispute and negotiations. China is also expected to make more efforts to reduce its dependence on U.S. alfalfa through increased investment in domestic alfalfa production and identification of alternative sources of alfalfa and other hay imports.     

中国与欧美木工机械通用安全标准差异分析

对我国木工机械安全标准与目前欧美最新相关安全通用标准进行比较分析，找出我国标准GB 12557-2010与EN 691-1：2012、ANSI O1.1-2009之间存在的差异与不足，为应对国际间贸易技术壁垒，提升我国木工机械行业国际竞争力提供参考。     

县级森林资源信息管理系统设计

运用建模工具软件、采用可视化建模的方法及标准的建模语言,比较系统地介绍了通用且符合“数字林业标准与规范”的县级森林资源信息管理系统的设计思想、主要内容及建立方法。内容包括：(1)系统开发思想与方法;(2)系统设计目标与要求;(3)系统分析及设计;(4)县级森林资源管理系统开发方法等。     

The ecological sustainability of tropical forest management: evaluation of the national forest management standards of Costa Rica and Nicaragua, with emphasis on the need for adaptive management

From a conceptual point of view, national forest management standards in Latin American countries have progressed significantly in recent years. Examples include the Costa Rican Standards and Procedures for Sustainable Forest Management and Certification, developed by the National Commission for Forest Certification and in Nicaragua, the National Institute of Forestry proposal of principles, criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management. In line with general approaches worldwide, these national standards primarily focus on the fulfillment of sound forest practice. There is comparatively little emphasis on the assessment of management outcomes or changes in key components of the eco- and social-systems that result from management impacts. Essentially, there is little emphasis on adaptive management, though arguments that management cannot be sustainable if it is not adaptive are persuasive. This study sought to contribute to the development of standards that include elements for adaptive management that define, communicate and evaluate sustainable forest management in Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Elements from the national standards and the CIFOR generic C&I template (predominantly focused on forest management outcomes) were used as a starting point. The basic research process consisted of three phases of evaluation (in-office, desk and field). The evaluations were carried out by multidisciplinary, international groups of experts in forest ecology, management and policy. This study demonstrated the value of forums and workshops that facilitate exchange between forest scientists and policymakers; the innovation and application of a practical, applicable and scientifically based methodology for developing national level C&I; and acceptance of this methodology by key players in the fields of forest management and policy. These experiences and the resulting proposals of C&I for the evaluation of ecologically sustainable forest management are expected to be used as points of reference for future development of forest policy in Costa Rica and Nicaragua, and to contribute to the overall understanding of C&I development processes in the region.     

广东主要林产品采标现状调研

广东省林产品主要以人造板、木家具、松香、木(竹)材、竹木工艺品、桂油等产品产销量大，我国制定的与我省林产品有关的标准359项，标准中等效采用国际标准和国外先进标准的不多。人造板、松香等产品采标状况较好，达到了工业发达国家的先进水平；肉桂油、竹笋生产也有相关标准。文章分析了广东主要林产品采标生产状况及其存在问题，并就制定我省主要林产品地方标准等提出了建议。     

Standard for Bamboo and its International Trend

1 INTRODUCTIONNational forestry ecological engineering, as afundamental affair for environmental protectioncontains combating desertification, soil and waterconservation. Two measures might be taken to preventsoil and water losses. One measure is to enlarge theforest area and to stop cutting or to decrease cuttingforest so as to make forest coverage keep rising at astable speed, forest resources should be examined byremote sensing technology. The other is to control thecirculation of wood…     

对地方标准法律属性的探讨

研究地方标准的法律属性将有利于地方标准的发展和转型。从地方标准的法制性及法律规制属性两个方面来阐述地方标准的法律属性,从而进一步完善地方标准理论,促进地方标准的发展。     

土壤环境质量指导值与标准研究 Ⅱ.污染土壤的健康风险评估

快速城市化进程与工业发展，使得土壤污染日益严重。污染物进入土壤后，经水、气、生物等介质传输，通过饮水、呼吸、饮食、皮肤吸收等途径引起人体暴露，带来健康风险。污染土壤健康风险评估是制定土壤环境质量标准的基础，是一项新的环境管理技术与手段。我国污染土壤的健康风险评估还非常欠缺，为了推动其发展，本文讨论了其研究进展、方法、存在问题与发展趋势。当前，还缺乏准确定量的风险表征方法，评估过程中还具有较大不确定性。污染土壤的健康风险评估正在向多介质、多途径以及多种污染物暴露的方向发展，模型模拟的方法将会得到更多的应用。为了建立准确定量风险评估方法，在未来研究中需要加强对风险评估相关机理研究。这包括污染物的迁移传输规律、污染物的剂量一效应关系和人群生活方式等。     

中国农村厕所改造及粪污处理标准体系研究

农村无害化卫生厕所改造可以有效地减少农村地区粪-口传播疾病的发病率，保障人民群众身体健康和生活品质。2018年以来，农业农村部会同有关部门积极行动，大力推进农村厕所革命，取得了积极成效。然而，一些地方农村厕所"建不好、用不好、不好用"等情况仍有发生，究其根源，农村厕所改造及粪污处理标准规范缺失是重要原因。农村厕所改造及粪污处理标准体系是科学指导农村改厕和粪污资源化利用、规范行业进步和产业发展的重要手段。该研究从基础、通用、专用标准3个层次，系统梳理了中国农村厕所改造及粪污处理现行国家和行业标准，分析了存在的问题，明确了标准体系构建原则和目标，研究构建了标准体系结构和框架，提出了标准体系重点内容和制修订建议，以期为推动中国农村厕所革命提供支撑。