长白猪等生长肥育猪不同营养水平肥育对比试验——Ⅰ.肥育及胴体性状

选择类似条件的长白、大约、长大杂、四元杂断奶仔猪各20头,均等分成两组,分别喂给按美国饲养标准和中国饲养标准配合的日粮,对试验结果进行了最小二乘分析,结果表明,品种组合及营养水平对日增重均有极显著影响,品种组合对后腿比例、瘦肉率、四腿瘦肉率、皮率有显著或极显著影响,对其它性状无显著影响;营养水平除对屠宰率有显著影响外,对其它胴体性状无显著影响,品种组合与营养水平间互作仅在胴体直长、眼肌面积、四腿瘦肉率等少数性状上存在显著影响,采用美国饲养标准饲喂瘦肉型外来品种及其杂种具有饲养成本低,周转快的优点。     

Standards and corporate reconstruction in the Michigan dry bean industry

Since the turn of the lastcentury, Michigan farmers, elevators, and stategovernment have used production and processstandards to shape the dry bean industry totheir interests and set a worldwide standardfor quality dry beans. Over the last 20 years,however, multinational agro/food firms haveintroduced their market criteria into standardssetting, and recent changes in Michigan beanstandards largely accommodate the interests ofthese firms. A review of the changes in thesestandards over time allows us to explore howconcepts of accountability and control improveour understanding of changes in the structureand operation of food production and marketing.What is the measure of state governmentaccountability to corporate capital and to thestate's bean farmers? In what ways can farmersuse standards to re-assert their priorities andgain a greater measure of influence overmarketing? What challenges do changing qualitystandards pose for public research as well asfor the institutions representing Michiganfarmers and elevators?     

绿色产品市场“柠檬效应”分析

绿色产品环境质量的隐蔽性使得消费者和厂商之间产生信息不对称现象,这将影响绿色产品市场的正常运行。通过建立数学模型对此进行了分析。结果表明:在信息不对称条件下,如果进入壁垒较低,则市场中将出现“柠檬效应,”而提高产品的环境标准可以缓和或避免这种现象。     

中国农村厕所改造及粪污处理标准体系研究

农村无害化卫生厕所改造可以有效地减少农村地区粪-口传播疾病的发病率，保障人民群众身体健康和生活品质。2018年以来，农业农村部会同有关部门积极行动，大力推进农村厕所革命，取得了积极成效。然而，一些地方农村厕所"建不好、用不好、不好用"等情况仍有发生，究其根源，农村厕所改造及粪污处理标准规范缺失是重要原因。农村厕所改造及粪污处理标准体系是科学指导农村改厕和粪污资源化利用、规范行业进步和产业发展的重要手段。该研究从基础、通用、专用标准3个层次，系统梳理了中国农村厕所改造及粪污处理现行国家和行业标准，分析了存在的问题，明确了标准体系构建原则和目标，研究构建了标准体系结构和框架，提出了标准体系重点内容和制修订建议，以期为推动中国农村厕所革命提供支撑。     

马尾松丰产经济栽培技术试验初报

试验表明：不同挖穴规格的幼林生长达到概率保证为９５％的统计学上显著与极显著差异水平，以４０ｃｍ×３０ｃｍ×２５ｃｍ的穴规格为最好。种源差异及主副处理的交互作用由于试验林尚小，未达到统计学上的显著差异水平。     

白菜对病毒病霜霉病黑斑病的三抗性鉴定与筛选标准

白菜对病毒病、霜霉病和黑斑病菌期人工拉种和田间自然诱发相结合的三抗性鉴定与筛选方法标准包括品种试材安排，接种体准备，接种苗龄，接种顺序，病原适比浓度，鉴定怀筛选环境条件，病害的诱地措施和管理，调查方法及病情分级标准，抗病与感病指标，筛选技术和规程等。     

Comparison of Soil Clean-up Standards for Trace Elements Between Countries: Why do they differ? (9 pages)

Goal, Scope and Background

In the nineteen nineties most European countries issued legislation on soil protection, including soil contamination. In the case of a presumed contamination, soil investigation mostly follows a stepwise approach starting with a preliminary investigation, then an in-depth investigation and, finally, remediation. Soil clean-up standards are often foreseen as trigger criteria to determine the need for an in-depth soil investigation or for remediation. There are however large differences in soil clean-up standards. This is partly because of the different roles of soil clean-up standards in each legislative framework and partly because of differences in the soil clean-up standard (SCS) derivation procedures. Despites these differences there are large similarities in the concepts of the derivation procedures for clean-up standards. A better understanding of the differences in clean-up standards is needed. In order to clarify the variation, the background of the clean-up standards for a selected number of countries was investigated. The objective of this paper is to investigate the underlying reason why country-wide generic soil and groundwater clean-up standards of eight trace elements (cadmium, chromium (III), copper, mercury, lead, nickel, zinc and arsenic) differ between the selected countries.

Main Features

To avoid misinterpretation of the differences in application of the clean-up standards, a short overview of the legislative role of clean-up standards is given first. Differences in model concepts and parameter values are discussed, followed by a comparison of the generic soil and groundwater clean-up standards for trace elements and a discussion on the sources of variation. The influence of the use of ecotoxicological criteria and data for the derivation of soil clean-up standards will be discussed in more detail. Selected countries were Canada, the Flemish Region (Belgium), France, Germany, Great-Britain, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and United States of America (USA).

Results and Discussion

When soil clean-up standards for eight trace elements (cadmium, chromium (III), copper, mercury, lead, nickel, zinc and arsenic) were compared between the selected countries differences of more than a factor 1000 arose. Notwithstanding the use of similar derivation procedures, differences were caused by the use of different software models with their specific input data, boundary conditions and applied protection criteria for humans and the ecology. Ecotoxicological criteria tend to lower the soil clean-up standard for the selected trace elements.

Conclusions

In the countries that are included in this study, clean-up standards are used is different ways, this is for the determination of the necessity for remediation or for the need for further soil investigation. This paper shows a wide variation in the clean-up standards, which has further implication on the decision for remediation or further investigation and, hence, the financial costs of soil management. All the clean-up standards have as primary goal the protection of human health. A number of countries also include the protection of the ecological function of the soil. Differences in selected software model, (standard) parameters values, selected human toxicological and ecotoxicological criteria, are reason for a substantial variation in the clean-up standards for trace elements.

Recommendations and Perspective

. Is this variation justified? The derivation of soil clean-up standards involves - besides scientific elements - political elements, like differentiation in landuse types (agricultural, residential, recreational, industrial), receptor at risk or protection level. It is obvious that harmonization of these elements will be complicated. However, a European action programme, like the thematic strategy for soil protection, could initiate this process of harmonization. Nevertheless, soil-clean-up standards could never be uniform over the whole of Europe because they include country specific elements (geographical, ethnological) and political decisions.     

中美油气管道从业人员资格认证标准差异分析

管道从业人员资格认证措施是减少人为失误造成事故的重要方法之一,相关标准是管道运营的基本依据。梳理了现行中美两国长输管道从业人员资质认证标准,对比分析了二者的主要内容、适用范围、培训与评定程序、技能要求、培训要求、资格评定等方面的差异,结果表明:美国相关标准在培训与评定程序等方面更加科学先进,可操作性强,培训内容和周期要求明确,有利于从业人员不断提高技术水平,保障管道安全运行。建议我国管道企业参考国外标准制定类似标准,以弥补管道从业人员资格认证工作的不足。     

猪传染性胃肠炎病毒荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法的建立

【目的】建立一种能检测猪传染性胃肠炎病毒（TGEV）含量的荧光定量RT-PCR方法,为猪传染性胃肠炎（TGE）的诊断和防治提供技术支持。【方法】根据TGEV TH98株的N基因序列设计1对特异性引物,扩增出目的片段,连接克隆载体后构建质粒标准品;对荧光定量的循环条件进行优化,建立猪传染性胃肠炎病毒荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法,对其重复性、特异性进行检测,并与普通PCR检测方法进行比较,最后应用该方法对采自陕西杨凌周边的30份临床样品进行检测。【结果】成功构建了质粒标准品,建立了检测猪传染性胃肠炎病毒的荧光定量RT-PCR方法,该方法特异性高、重复性好、敏感性比普通PCR检测方法高2个数量级,对质粒标准品的线性检测范围为1.0×10⁷～1.0×10¹拷贝/μL。用建立的检测方法对从陕西杨凌周边猪场采集的30份样品进行检测,检出4份阳性,与普通PCR检测方法符合率为100%。【结论】建立的TGEV荧光定量RT-PCR方法敏感性高、特异性好、省时省力,可以对猪传染性胃肠炎病毒进行快速检测。     

FSC森林认证单位增加社会影响的做法与启示

对4家森林认证管理委员会(FSC)认证单位的森林认证报告和有关文件进行分析,介绍认证单位在社区关系与劳动者权利方面的主要做法,指出了我国森林经营单位存在着单位社会责任认识到不到位,对职工健康和安全重视不够,缺乏与职工和社区居民的沟通协商机制,尚未开展社会影响评价工作等问题,并提出了相应的对策。