Multi-parameter fingerprinting of sediment deposition in a small gullied catchment in SE Australia

The determination of relative contributions of potential sediment sources is an important step in the development of management strategies to combat soil erosion. In a 1.2 km² gullied catchment in southeastern New South Wales, multi-parameter fingerprinting of sediment deposited in successive downstream pools has identified gully walls as the dominant sediment source when the grazed pasture surface was the only other potential source. The median fractional contributions remained relatively steady in the successive downstream pools, with the gully walls responsible for between 90% and 98% of the pool sediment. This result was achieved despite the ratio of the source areas varying considerably between successive nested subareas. Reliability bounds on the predictions, accounting for limited sampling of sources, were well constrained and varied between 5.4% and 13.8%. Downstream of an unsealed road crossing, sediment from the road source dominated the pool sediments such that contributions from the pasture surface and gully sources could not be determined.     

Integrated production of semi-finished components in sawmills,part I: External interactions

Abstract

In a changing business landscape, where globalization and new customer requirements create new business opportunities, some Swedish sawmills have taken over the production of components from their industrial customers. In light of the emerging network-centric perspective on business, sawmill managers' perceptions about component customers' operational requirements, customer interaction processes, and their sawmills' offerings are researched and discussed in this article. A multiple case study design, based on face-to-face interviews with Swedish sawmill managers and on various forms of secondary data, produced comprehensive information about sawmills' interaction processes with component purchasing customers. Thematic data coding facilitated the assessment of the research information in relation to the conceptual and empirical findings of previous research. The findings of the study indicate that more process orientation in housing-, joinery-, and furniture-manufacturing implies an opportunity for sawmills to make service-based offerings including not only physical goods, but also administrative services, logistics, and expert advice. The results of the study confirm the network-centric perspective on business where value is created through the interaction between firms. However, noteworthy barriers in the form of process-, culture-, as well as socially related factors at customer firms must be considered.     

不同地区农田土壤多环芳烃污染特征与来源解析

通过对农田土壤多环芳烃（Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons，PAHs）的分布特征、污染程度及成因解析，深入了解工业活动引发的土壤污染问题，实现工业园区周边农田土壤的污染预警和科学合理利用。在黄河三角洲石油开采区和西南铅锌冶炼区附近的农田分别采集89个和148个土壤样品，采用气相色谱-质谱仪（GC-MS）分析美国环境保护署（Environmental protection agency，EPA）优控的土壤中PAHs组成与含量，运用主成分分析（Principal component analysis，PCA）和正定矩阵因子法（Positive matrix factorization，PMF）模型比较两个区域农田土壤中PAHs的来源。结果表明，石油开采区农田土壤中16种PAHs总含量（以干质量计）平均值为149.8 μg·kg^-1（含量范围31.5~1 399 μg·kg^-1），铅锌冶炼区农田土壤PAHs总含量平均值为267.6 μg·kg^-1（含量范围8.99~2 231 μg·kg^-1），两个地区主要以4~6环PAHs为主。聚类分析、PCA和PMF 3种源解析方法对两个区域的PAHs来源进行比较，石油开采区农田土壤中PAHs主要来源及其贡献率分别为燃煤9.1%、生物质燃烧和石油源60.7%、化石燃烧24.1%以及柴油燃烧6.2%，铅锌冶炼区分别为生物质燃烧和石油源31.6%、汽油及重油的燃烧28.3%、煤燃烧40.1%。铅锌冶炼区周边农田土壤PAHs污染程度相对较高。     

Integrated production of semi-finished components in sawmills,part II: Management of internal operations

Recently, several Swedish sawmills have taken over production of components from customers in the furniture, joinery and house-manufacturing industries. The purpose of this study was to identify key factors in management of internal operations for sawmills with this strategy. A multiple case study design, based on face-to-face interviews with Swedish sawmill practitioners and on various forms of secondary data, produced comprehensive research information. Starting integrated production of components is a demanding strategy for sawmills. It requires deep knowledge about the customer and qualified skills in advanced further-processing of sawn wood. The complexity of quality management, production planning and cost calculation increases, and investments in processing equipment and customer relations reduce strategic flexibility. The diverging material flow complicates sawmills' possibilities to economize on scale, and they must instead economize on other factors, such as scope, combined operations and internal control. New tools for production follow-up and control, for production planning, for analysis of product profitability and for strategic partnership analysis are requested by practitioners. But, even if new analysis tools would facilitate better analysis and management of operations, the willingness and ability to innovate and learn among the personnel emerges as a key factor for success.     

The cocoyam,Xanthosoma sagittifollium,as a potential raw material source for beer brewing

A widely cultivated cocoyam variety,Xanthosoma sagittifollium, was assessed for its suitability for lager beer production, using maltedSorghum vulgare (white variety) for saccharification of the substrate. The three-mash decoction method was used. Results showed that the cocoyam was superior to barley and sorghum as a substrate because of its potentially higher carbohydrate content (71–78%) compared to barley (65%) and sorghum (70–73%). The percentage wort extract was 13.3–14.5° plato compared to 7–12 for barley and 13° for the tuber crop, cassava. The kiln driedXanthosoma sagittifollium gave a dark bager beer with good aroma (68%) and very good flavour (73%) when compared with a commercial lager beer (Monarch) as standard (100%). The alcohol content (4.16% w/v) and the specific gravity (1013) were within the range (4.0–6.4%) and (1011–1019), respectively, specified by the Standard Organization of Nigeria. Although the bitterness value 40 EBU, was higher than the typical range 16–30 EBU, the taste panel indicated this was acceptable. The pH was 4.68 compared with the standard 4.36, while the acidity (as % lactic acid) was 0.36 compared to 0.24 for some commercial products.     

大庆外包园服务外包外语人才需求情况调查研究

对大庆外包园服务外包外语人才的需求情况进行了科学地调查研究,深入探究了调查的目的、对象、结果、意义和应用,因此得出大庆外包园服务外包人才培养模式构建的可能性和时效性,并指出了这一研究深远的社会意义。     

社会生态视阈下的敏感区养殖污染治理分析--以福建省南平市西芹水厂水源地周边地区为例

为提高生态敏感区养殖污染治理成效和公众参与度,本文以福建省南平市西芹水厂水源地周边地区的养猪污染治理为例,从社会生态的角度探讨治理新思路。应用Mitchell评分法对利益相关者进行识别和分类,建立理论分析框架并探讨利益相关者生态经济需求差异及"养殖户-公众-村委"关系网络对污染治理的影响,进而以13个村委和111个农户的问卷调查和驻村观察数据为基础,比较各利益相关者态度和行为差异,应用Tobit回归分析显著影响态度的因素,应用Logistic回归分析影响参与行为的关键因素。结果表明,利益相关者的社会、经济、生态利益需求和"上下游公众-养殖户-上下游村委"社会网络是水源地周边地区养殖污染治理决策的重要出发点。利益相关者对养猪污染治理的态度组间差异较大:养殖户、上游公众及村委倾向于经济发展,下游公众及村委热衷于环境保护,村委支持养猪污染治理的态度得分明显高于养殖户与公众。性别、利益需求类型、教育程度和年龄对个体支持养猪污染治理的态度具有显著影响,女性较男性更支持污染治理,利益需求越弱、受教育程度越高和年龄越大的个体更支持养猪污染治理。利益需求类型和关系程度对个体参与治理行为具有显著影响,利益需求越强、与养殖户关系越密切的社会个体参与治理的可能性越低,而态度对行为并无显著影响。利益需求未能得到重视和当地社会关系网的阻碍使得积极参与治理的公众较少,影响了治理效果。充分考虑各利益相关者的生态、经济、社会利益需求及当地社会关系网络的影响,协调不同主体的关键利益需求矛盾,分析利用乡土社会关系网络,由政府主导治理转向多元利益主体网络治理是促进生态敏感区畜禽养殖污染治理的新思路。