转Pi9抗稻瘟病基因水稻株系的比较转录组分析

【目的】在转录水平上解析Pi9基因介导的稻瘟病抗性调控机理,为培育抗病水稻品种提供理论依据。【方法】向水稻品种日本晴(NPB)及其转Pi9抗稻瘟病基因株系(NPB/Pi9)接种稻瘟菌。分别于接种后0 h、12 h、24 h、36 h提取叶组织样品,选取12503个水稻基因定制基因芯片,进行水稻基因转录组分析,并通过qRT-PCR对部分差异表达基因进行验证。【结果】NPB/Pi9在接种后12 h、24 h和36 h的基因表达量分别与其接种0 h表达量比较,共检测到7754个差异表达基因;相应地,感病水稻NPB在以上时间点共检测到7385个差异表达基因;在接种后36 h,NPB/Pi9的差异表达基因数目显著多于NPB。比较NPB/Pi9和NPB相同时间点的基因表达量,共获得4065个差异表达基因,其中接种后36 h的差异表达基因显著多于接种后0 h、12 h或24 h。因此,NPB/Pi9的稻瘟病防御反应更强烈。对NPB/Pi9与NPB相同时间点的差异表达基因进行GO和KEGG分析,细胞外区域、植物对刺激应答、转录调控、氧化还原、离子结合、次生代谢和植物激素相关的GO分类在接种后呈显著富集,苯丙氨酸代谢、类黄酮生物合成和植物激素信号途径的KEGG通路在接种后显著富集。与效应分子触发的免疫反应(ETI)相关的水杨酸信号途径、几丁质酶,以及与病原相关分子模式触发的免疫反应(PTI)相关的胞外区域、对刺激的应答、木质素合成等,均在抗感水稻之间差异表达。而且PTI/ETI共有的WRKY转录因子、MAPK激酶、茉莉酸和乙烯信号途径等发生差异表达。综上所述,NPB/Pi9和NPB的差异表达模式与ETI和PTI相关,两者相互联系并在Pi9介导的稻瘟病抗性中发挥作用。【结论】与日本晴比较,抗病基因型NPB/Pi9对稻瘟病防御反应更强烈。转录因子、激酶、NBS-LRR基因、几丁质酶、水杨酸、茉莉酸和乙烯信号途径,以及植物次生代谢在Pi9介导的稻瘟病抗病反应中发挥重要作用。     

大花黄牡丹枝条二次发育特点的观察

在西藏林芝地区和河南芍药科迁地保护中心观察了中国特有植物大花黄牡丹(Peaonia ludlowii)的枝条发育。结果表明:大花黄牡丹春季花枝在花期前后第2次萌发枝条,二次枝秋季并不"枯枝退梢",这是区别牡丹组其他种和栽培品种的特征之一。二次枝顶芽分化成具花、叶原基和腋芽原基的复合芽,从分化起始到开花结实历经3个年周期,约17~20个月。二次枝的生长、顶芽分化与种实发育同步并可增加群落冠层高度。非采挖性砍伐有利于枝条更新。     

基于知识工程的旋耕机刀辊的快速设计系统研究

为了提高旋耕机刀辊的设计效率，建立了一种基于知识工程的对旋耕机刀辊的快速设计系统：在查阅整理旋耕机刀辊设计流程及规则知识的基础上，建立刀辊参数库、规则库、实例库等知识库，选用SQL语言对知识库进行添加、查询、修改；应用基于规则和实例的混合推理方法，以SolidWorks和Visual Studio为系统开发平台，应用API二次开发工具和VB.NET语言开发刀辊的快速设计系统，实现尺寸驱动模型变更和不同农耕农艺要求下刀辊的参数化快速设计。在Intel i5处理器、系统内存8 GB配置环境下，快速设计系统运行 3~5 min即可设计出满足用户需求的刀辊CAD模型并输出文件，满足使用需求。     

Neuroprotective Metabolites from Vietnamese Marine Derived Fungi of Aspergillus and Penicillium Genera

Low molecular weight secondary metabolites of marine fungi Aspergillus flocculosus, Aspergillus terreus and Penicillium sp. from Van Phong and Nha Trang Bays (Vietnam) were studied and a number of polyketides, bis-indole quinones and terpenoids were isolated. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined by 1D and 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS techniques. Stereochemistry of some compounds was established based on ECD data. A chemical structure of asterriquinone F (6) was thoroughly described for the first time. Anthraquinone (13) was firstly obtained from a natural source. Neuroprotective influences of the isolated compounds against 6-OHDA, paraquat and rotenone toxicity were investigated. 4-Hydroxyscytalone (1), 4-hydroxy-6-dehydroxyscytalone (2) and demethylcitreoviranol (3) have shown significant increasing of paraquat- and rotenone-treated Neuro-2a cell viability and anti-ROS activity.     

堆垛车核心零件的参数化设计与有限元分析系统

为了提高堆垛车的设计效率,减少企业对设计研发新产品的投入及推进我国堆垛车的设计创新。以堆垛车核心零件为例,利用NX11.0为平台,VS2012为开发工具,结合NX二次开发技术开发了集参数化建模以及参数化有限元分析系统,实现了堆垛车零件的自动创建及自动分析。该系统大大提高了产品的设计效率和质量,为新产品的研发做好充分准备。     

Thermal,structural and functional properties of rice bran defatted with alcoholic solvents

Samples from combinations of different alcoholic extraction process parameters of rice bran oil, solvents (ethanol or isopropanol) and temperatures (60 or 80 °C) were evaluated and compared with samples from industrial processing regarding the physicochemical, structural and functional characteristics of the defatted meal since these properties are directly associated with the quality of the products. The results obtained for solids from alcoholic extraction did not differ significantly from those obtained from industrial processing using hexane. Although the use of alcohols and high temperatures led to reductions in the nitrogen solubility (21% to 13.5–16.7%), emulsifying activity (31% to 14–25%) and thermal stability, possibly as a function of protein structural modifications due to denaturation, stable foams were produced (26–50%), and adequate values for the water and oil absorption capacities were determined (4 and 3 g/g sample), allowing the application of this material in baking and meat products.     

Relationships between body size and secondary sexual characters,and sperm characters in male Dolly Varden char (Salvelinus malma)

In Salmonidae, subordinate males are exposed to higher risks of sperm competition than dominant males and thus are expected to improve the sperm characteristics (sperm concentrations, sperm velocity and sperm longevity). In this study, we investigated the relationships between body size and secondary sexual characters (breeding colour, hump height and snout length), and sperm characteristics of one‐year‐old (newly matured) Dolly Varden char. Small males displayed higher sperm concentrations than large males. Moreover, males with dull breeding colours, but not with lesser snout length and hump height, displayed an increased sperm velocity compared to males with bright colours, suggesting a trade‐off between sperm quantity and the investment in breeding colour. In addition, sperm longevity decreased as sperm swimming velocity increased. These findings indicate that small males with dull breeding colours improve the quantity and quality of their sperm to a great extent to enhance their chances of reproductive success.     

长三角地区设施蔬菜施肥现状及土壤性状研究

针对近年来长三角地区设施菜地规模化程度逐渐加剧,对规模化和分散型种植方式开展调研,阐明不同种植方式下的施肥现状、土壤理化性状的变化情况。本文采用调查问卷和现场取样的调查方法,在以上海市松江区和苏州市支塘镇为代表的规模化种植区以及以宜兴市周铁镇、常州市武进区为代表的分散型种植区开展有机肥和化肥的施肥情况调查,并分析土壤pH、EC以及土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾等速效养分含量。结果表明,规模化种植方式周年肥料施用总量比分散型种植低17.8%,其中有机肥比分散型种植低843.8 kg/ha,化肥比分散型种植高34.5 kg/ha；与分散型种植方式相比,规模化种植周年投入的氮肥(N)低了41.8%,而磷肥(P₂O₅)和钾肥(K₂O)分别高了6.8%和38.3%。在土壤的理化性状上,规模化种植方式下的土壤酸化、盐渍化问题较分散型种植严重,土壤pH和电导率分别为5.2和490.7 μS/cm,土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾平均含量为286.3 mg/kg、322.3 mg/kg和374.2 mg/kg,比分散型种植分别高了123.9%、26.4%和68.7%。鉴于此,规模化种植区应大力推广叶面肥和有机水溶肥水肥一体化等减施增效措施,可能有利于维持规模化种植下设施土壤的可持续利用。     

基于GM(1,1)的天然次生林空间结构预测

【目的】系统地分析已有天然次生林林分空间结构数据,通过灰色模型预测天然次生林林分空间结构各指标未来的发展趋势,对天然林经营具有十分重要的意义。【方法】以湖南大围山自然保护区典型次生林为研究对象,依据结构化森林经营理论,选取了混交度、竞争指数、角尺度、空间密度指数、开阔比数、大小比数、林分综合均质性指数作为天然次生林林分空间结构合理性评价与预测的量化指标,构建了基于GM(1,1)的天然次生林林分空间结构灰色预测模型。模型将2008年林分空间结构各指标的平均值作为初始值,并在研究区设置了面积为20 m×20 m的5个研究样地(M1,M2,M3,M4,M5),利用保护区2008-2018年典型样地林分空间信息,预测了研究区调研样地2019年-2021年林分空间结构各指标未来的变化趋势。【结果】利用精度检验机制对该模型的精确度进行了有效性检验,检验结果表明,所有指标预测合格概率P合=71.43%,良好的概率P良好=22.86%,优的概率P优=5.71%,表明该预测模型符合精度检验要求。【结论】样地未来3 a各指标整体变化尺度不大,林分空间结构基本稳定。从各指标在2008-2018年时空上的变化规律来看,各样地林分平均竞争指数、平均大小比数及平均空间密度指数是影响林分均质性指数的关键指标。