海参加工业清洁生产评价指标体系的构建

海参加工业是我国北方重要的水产品加工行业之一。近年来,随着市场需求的不断增大,海参加工产品产量逐年增加,海参加工业面临的环境问题日益凸显。为了促进我国海参加工业的清洁生产,保证产业的可持续发展,本研究基于我国清洁生产技术体系及海参加工行业的特点,构建了由生产工艺及装备等6个一级指标和加工工艺等24个二级指标组成的海参加工业清洁生产评价指标体系,并选择两家案例企业进行清洁生产水平的评价。研究结果表明,案例企业的清洁生产水平均为Ⅱ级:国内清洁生产先进水平;通过案例分析结果与企业生产现状的对比,证明本指标体系具有一定的科学性、可操作性和适用性。根据评价结果对两家案例企业提出了改变能源类型、提高废弃物资源利用率的清洁生产改进措施,为我国水产品加工行业的清洁生产提供了借鉴与参考。     

Habitat specialization and sensitivity to change in a threatened crayfish occupying upland streams

1. Crayfish are culturally and ecologically important species in freshwater ecosystems, but many are now threatened with extinction, due to threats such as habitat loss. Depending on their habitat selectivity and sensitivity, freshwater crayfish could provide effective targets for stream monitoring, restoration and conservation. This study used repeated field surveys of the threatened Murray crayfish, Euastacus armatus (family Parastacidae), to establish their habitat preferences and sensitivity to habitat loss across mesohabitat and microhabitat scales within upland streams of south‐east Australia. 2. Selectivity analysis revealed that upland populations of E. armatus displayed a strong preference for areas of intermediate water flow velocity, deeper water, and stream beds dominated by boulders and gravel. Variations in E. armatus density among and within the two upland streams aligned with these microhabitat preferences, with best‐subsets analyses revealing that E. armatus abundance hotspots were best predicted by models combining water depth with percentage cover of boulders, gravel and overhanging riparian vegetation. 3. Major shifts in stream habitat condition from 2009 to 2015 (e.g. 32% and 50% decline in boulder and overhanging vegetation cover, respectively) was associated with a 91% decline in E. armatus mean density within glide‐pool mesohabitats. 4. These findings highlight how habitat specialization in threatened crayfish such as E. armatus may render them sensitive to changes in stream habitat condition, and how targeted monitoring, restoration and conservation of their preferred habitats could yield multiple benefits for montane freshwater ecosystems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

阔叶箬竹分株繁殖和埋鞭繁殖技术优化

为有效扩大阔叶箬竹种群数量和栽培范围，对阔叶箬竹繁殖方法进行了研究。测量了分株繁殖和埋鞭繁殖2种方法下的生长指标变化并比较分析了2种繁殖方式。结果表明，采用分株方法繁殖时，秆数对阔叶箬竹的成活率、新竹高度、叶片数、叶长、叶宽和出笋数都有显著性影响。采用3秆·丛^-1的分株繁殖方式相比1秆·丛^-1和5秆·丛^-1成活率更高，植株生长状况更好。采用埋鞭方法繁殖时，鞭长对阔叶箬竹的成活率和新竹高度有显著性影响，而对其叶片数、叶长、叶宽以及出笋数没有显著性影响。采用10 cm鞭段长度的埋鞭繁殖方式相比5 cm和20 cm鞭段长度成活率更高，植株生长状况更好。相同养护条件下，埋鞭繁殖成活率稍高于分株繁殖，而分株繁殖的竹苗比埋鞭繁殖的株高更高并且出笋数也更多。这些数据可为今后阔叶箬竹的产业化生产提供重要的基础依据。     

生态状况内在判断指标体系研究

生态状况内在判断指标是反映生态状况自身变化情况的指标.生态状况处于何种阶段的判断指标,需要从层次性、系统性、现实性、重要性4个方面来考虑.综合考虑包括森林生态状况、土地荒漠化和沙化状况、水土流失状况、生物多样性状况、湿地生态状况、草原生态状况、农田生态状况、城市生态状况等8项指标,8项指标又可以细化为各自的分项指标.通过应用生态综合指数法对生态状况进行分析和综合评估,得出我国生态状况处于治理与破坏相持阶段这一重要结论.     

祁连山区生态环境质量评价指标体系的构建

从自然环境、社会环境、环境退化及污染状况、生态环境治理状况、效益等方面对祁连山生态环境质量评价指标进行研究,提出了祁连山生态环境质量评价指标体系的构建思路及其指标体系,并对模糊综合评价方法进行评述,试图对区域经济开发和生态环境建设提供科学依据。     

Indices of soil nitrogen availability for an ecological site classification of British forests

An adequate supply of nitrogen (N) is essential for the successful establishment and sustainable productivity of forest stands. N deficits may necessitate the use of artificial fertilisers. Availability of N in the inorganic forms, and the relative abundance of the NO₃-N and NH₄-N components, influences the species composition of natural forest vegetation. Hence it is essential to use reliable measures of soil N supply that fully reflect its ecological significance. The new Ecological Site Classification (ESC) used in British forestry employs a multi-factorial definition of soil nutrient regime (SNR), including soil N. To develop this, a soil and vegetation study was made at 89 forest sites throughout Great Britain covering the major soil types used for forestry. “Total N” levels were compared with separate pre- and post-incubation measures of the two inorganic N components as potential indices of soil N supply. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that the major discriminant chemical variables for the sampled soils were pH, calcium and NO₃-N and that these were also the main variables influencing the species composition of the ground vegetation. Total N and NH₄-N were less effective discriminant variables for these sites. In some infertile soils the levels of NH₄-N or total N may be of greater importance, as NO₃-N is usually in very limited supply. A multivariate gradient of SNR, which incorporates the NO₃-N measures, has been adopted for use within the ESC system. The position of a site on this gradient can be estimated quantitatively from soil type, ground vegetation species composition and humus type. This enables soil N supply and overall SNR to be assessed in a simple but effective way that guides the operational management of British forest soils for sustainable productivity. It will also be possible to use these techniques to monitor the nutritional status of forest sites over time.     

浑善达克沙地荒漠化指标评价的研究

土地荒漠化评价是荒漠化研究中的重要问题。本文以浑善达克沙地为研究对象，采用实地调查和室内分析的研究方法，提出了该地区土地荒漠化评价体系确定的原则，并通过分析和筛选，选择出能够显著评价该地区土地荒漠化状况的3个指标，从而建立了浑善达克沙地土地荒漠化的评价指标体系。针对该地区土地景观生态系统的复杂性和模糊性，运用模糊综合评判的方法对所获得的数据进行了定量分析，从而验证了该评价指标体系与实际调查情况基本相符。     

短轮伐期日本落叶松家系生长性状遗传参数的变化

以湖北省建始县长岭岗林场 15年生日本落叶松自由授粉家系子代测定林为研究对象 ,研究纸浆材轮伐期内不同年龄阶段生长性状的家系间遗传变异、早 -晚相关关系及主要遗传参数随时间变化的趋势 ,确定早期选择年龄及早期选择因子。结果表明 :各年龄胸径、树高不仅在家系水平上存在着极显著的变异 ,家系内个体间也存在着丰富的变异 ,具有很大的遗传改良潜力 ,家系和家系内个体选择是日本落叶松改良的主体 ;性状的方差分量、遗传力、变异系数在树木生长过程中一直处于动态变化中 ,并表现出一定的规律性 ;胸径、树高的早 -晚相关十分紧密 ,且这种相关关系主要受遗传因素制约 ;对胸径和树高进行家系早期选择的最适年龄为 6年生 ,进行家系内个体选择年龄为 8年生 ,胸径作为早期选择指标较树高更能准确地表达成熟时的信息。     

轻型木结构锯材用原木标准的制订

通过对我国原木生产实际状况的调研及参考国内外相关标准和技术资料，阐述了木材缺陷对规格材力学性能的影响，并据此对轻型木结构锯材用原木缺陷的技术指标进行了规定，同时介绍了该标准的制定方法。     

母猪热应激敏感指标体系的研究进展

母猪由于其皮下脂肪厚、汗腺不发达等特点,在高温环境下容易发生热应激。有研究表明：热应激会改变其生理状态和血液生化成分等,降低母猪繁殖力,造成严重的经济损失。然而,目前针对母猪热应激敏感指标的研究总体较粗略、评价体系不全面;而且,母猪的耐热性受遗传、年龄和日粮等多种因素的影响,使得准确评价母猪热应激状态比较困难,成为制约母猪适宜环境参数研究的重要因素。笔者在系统总结母猪热应激研究的基础上,从表型、生理、生化、分子等不同层次探讨了相关指标对热应激的敏感程度及其作为母猪热应激评价指标的可行性,以期为生产中母猪热应激诊断及环境参数的优化奠定基础。总结发现：母猪热应激敏感指标有表皮温度、呼吸频率、直肠温度、血液和肝脏热休克蛋白70（HSP70）等;比较敏感的指标有：血中皮质醇（COR）、天门冬氨酸转移酶（AST）、丙氨酸转移酶(ALT)、肌酸激酶（CK）和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）。其他指标如血清蛋白、血糖、血液免疫细胞、K ⁺、Na ⁺等随母猪热应激也有所变化,可作为辅助参考指标。其中,表皮温度、呼吸频率、直肠温度和HSP70水平可作为评价母猪长期热应激的指标。此外,尽管母猪热应激造成的行为变化相对滞后,但其测定成本低、对动物无应激,仍然具有一定价值。