“门当户对”的婚姻更幸福吗——以夫妻双方个人特征差距为视角

夫妻双方的年龄、受教育程度、收入以及户籍方面的差异会影响婚后的主观幸福感。夫妻双方的年龄差距越大，生活幸福感越弱，且这种影响更多地存在于男性和农业户籍人口中；夫妻双方的受教育程度差距虽然有利于女性主观幸福感的提升，却会恶化男性的主观幸福感；夫妻双方的收入差距越大，生活幸福感越强，且对于女性和农业户籍人口而言，收入差距对生活幸福感的影响更为显著；与夫妻双方都是农业户籍相比，夫妻双方都是非农业户籍的幸福感更强。夫妻双方的个人特征差异对婚后主观幸福感的影响存在性别与户籍差异。     

基于微观视角下旅游发展对农户家庭福祉的影响研究——以大别山区为例

通过农户访谈,运用多指标评估法对景区农户福祉的变化进行分析。研究表明,2014年各村庄福祉存在明显的空间差异,旅游服务业发展好的村庄居民福祉明显高于未参与的村庄;各福祉要素中,安全、人际关系和基本生活条件3项福祉要素的空间差异较小,其他要素空间差异较大;2004-2014年,研究区圣人堂村居民福祉从49.35增长到59.06,增长率为19.68%,增长幅度较为显著,各指标中变化最显著的是人均收入和耕地状况,其中人均收入呈现正增长,耕地状况呈现负增长;在此基础上提出相关对策建议,以期提高和巩固农户福祉水平。     

Assessing Well-Being in Forest Dependent Communities

Summary

This paper presents a new approach to the conceptualization and assessment of well-being in forest-dependent communities. Studies of well-being in agrarian communities, boomtowns (communities undergoing rapid growth), and forest-dependent communities are examined to highlight common themes in natural resource-dependent community studies. Social indicators are discussed and a summary of weaknesses presented. The county, a commonly used unit of analysis, is rejected in favor of a more socially relevant unit. This new approach to well-being in forest communities begins with definitions of the terms community and forest dependence. The work of Amartya Sen, whose conceptualization of well-being focuses on the real opportunities people have and their achievements in light of their opportunities, forms the foundation of the new approach proposed here. Sen's conceptualization is broadened by focusing on the community and acknowledging the importance of a sense of place. Methodologically, this new approach adds to the evaluation of social indicators an assessment of community capacity that consists of three components: physical, human, and social capital. It also involves evaluating how residents draw on and develop these aspects of their community to meet local needs and create opportunities. This results in a well-being assessment that includes static as well as dynamic measures of how communities respond to and create opportunities to improve local well-being.     

农村居民主观幸福感量表的编制——以山东省为例

[目的]根据农村居民生活的实际情况,编制适合针对农民幸福感研究的主观幸福感量表,为农民幸福感的研究提供依据。[方法]在农村地区（以山东省为例）随机抽样（n=900）,进行自编问卷调查,利用项目分析和信效度检验获得较高信效度的农民主观幸福感量表。[结果]编制了由43个项目10个维度组成的农村居民主观幸福感量表并证实其具有良好的信效度。[结论]编制的农村居民主观幸福感量表可以作为对农村居民主观幸福感测量的研究工具。     

生态幸福研究述评

生态环境直接关系到人们的幸福感。文中介绍生态幸福的相关概念,从良好生态环境提高幸福感、高幸福感促进生态可持续发展2方面分析生态环境与幸福的双向关系,阐述干预对幸福感和生态环境的共同作用,并对生态幸福的未来研究趋势进行了探讨。     

ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE FETUS AND INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENT IN HEALTHY MARES DURING LATE GESTATION

Mares with uncomplicated pregnancies (n = 33) underwent transabdominal sonography to evaluate fetal well-being, obtain measurements of fetal size and characterize the intrauterine environment. Data from the last examination obtained prior to parturition were used for statistical analysis. All mares had one active fetus with good fetal tone. The maximal vertical depth of amniotic fluid (7.9 ± 3.5 cm) was less than allantoic (13.4 ± 4.4 cm) and fewer echogenic particles were detected in amniotic fluid. The maximal uteroplacental thickness was 1.38 ± 0.23 cm (retrospective) and 1.15 ±± 0.24 cm (propspective). In 3 mares small anechoic spaces were imaged between the uterus and placenta. Fetuses had a regular cardiac rhythm with a mean heart rate of 75 ± 7 beats/minute and breathing movements. The diameter of the fetal aorta (mean = 22.8 ± 2.15 mm) was significantly correlated with neonatal foal weight (P<0.0008, r = 0.72) and maternal prepartum weight (P<0.002, r = 0.86). This information of the normal intrauterine environment and fetal well-being can be used to develop a biophysical profile specific for the equine fetus.     

Equity Mechanisms in Traditional Forest Management Systems: A Case Study of Loita Forest in Kenya

Equity in forest resources access remains a key challenge. In Kenya this was exacerbated by the application of command and control management approaches. The introduction of Participatory Forest Management (PFM) in 1997 has started changing this scenario. The main objective of this study was to determine the equity mechanisms practiced under Traditional Community Based Forest Management (TCBFM), a traditional form of participatory forest management in Loita forest. An assessment of the impact of this management approach showed that equity and pro poor practices were inherent in Loita forest, where TCBFM was being implemented. The approach facilitated the poor to build up assets through relatives contributing to their livelihood assets. This was sustained through traditional support systems that are interwoven with forestry management. A majority of the community members interviewed perceived that the importance of the forest to household livelihood had been increasing since 1995. An increase in household assets since 1995 was associated with household participation in Traditional Community Based Natural Resources Management (TCBNRM). A majority (93%) of the households who were members of TCBNRM indicated grazing as the benefit. There was a general perception that participation in this form of PFM contributed to improvement of economic, physical, natural, human, social, and political capitals at the household and community levels.     

大学生主观幸福感影响因素及提升策略

主观幸福感研究对提高大学生生活质量、发挥他们的个人潜力具有重要的价值。大学生主观幸福感的影响因素包括内部和外部两方面:内部因素包括人格特征、归因方式、应对方式、情绪智力等;外部因素包括家庭环境、学校环境、生活事件、生活方式、社会支持等。提升大学生主观幸福感的策略要结合主观和客观两个角度综合考虑:一是大学生要从主观角度培养良好的心理品质、设定科学合理的幸福目标、养成良好的生活习惯、选择积极的应对方式、建立良好的人际关系,二是高校要从客观角度完善人才培养模式、倡导和谐的校园文化活动、为大学生提供广泛的社会支持。     

Characterization of Pekin duck drinking and preening behaviors and comparison when housed on raised plastic versus pine litter flooring

In recent years, much attention has been given to the welfare of commercial Pekin ducks. Management systems in the European Union have been the focus of most of these studies, with less research being done on raising ducks commercially in the United States. We set out to characterize commercial Pekin duck social and preening behaviors associated with water lines (pin-metered water systems). We also determined if these behaviors differed with ducks housed on pine litter compared with raised plastic flooring. To accomplish this we used video surveillance systems to observe flocks at ages of 7, 21, and 31 d. These recordings were analyzed for group interactions under water lines as well as preening behaviors and then compared between flooring types. We found that ducks are much more likely to drink in groups rather than individually. Significantly fewer ducks were observed drinking alone in barns with raised flooring compared with pine litter at all ages. Flooring type had no effect on preening behaviors that occurred equally as often with and without the use of water. Based on these observations, we suggest that social and preening behaviors do occur in barns with water lines.