不同植被措施下排土场边坡细沟发育时空特征

为明确不同恢复年限植被措施对煤矿排土场边坡水土流失的防治效应,采用样方调查法,以内蒙古准格尔旗永利煤矿矿区排土场边坡为研究对象,以裸露边坡(CK)为对照,研究不同恢复年限(1a、3a、5 a)的沙柳方格+沙棘+沙打旺(SHA)和沙柳方格+沙打旺(SA)2种措施对细沟发育的影响。结果表明:(1)1a时CK、SHA与SA措施细沟宽度均集中分布在4～8 cm,细沟深度均集中分布在2～4 cm;3 a时CK、SHA与SA措施细沟宽度则集中分布在4～8 cm、8～12 cm、4～8 cm,细沟深度均集中分布在4～6 cm;5 a时CK与SHA措施细沟宽度均集中分布在8～12 cm,而细沟深度则集中分布在4～6 cm和8～14 cm;(2)CK(1～5 a)、SHA措施(1～5 a)和SA措施(1～3 a)的细沟平均宽分别为7.57～11.35 cm、7.58～13.31 cm和5.57～6.14 cm,细沟平均深分别为3.38～6.23 cm、4.19～10.34 cm、2.59～4.24 cm,三者的细沟平均宽深比分别为2.39、2.12和2.05,平均细沟密度分别为1.52～5.25 m·m–2、1.42～1.68 m·m–2和1.88～2.25 m·m–2;(3)1 a时CK、SHA和SA措施的细沟宽深比随坡长变化幅度较大,随着恢复年限增加,宽深比则呈下降趋势,CK、SHA措施和SA措施的细沟密度和细沟侵蚀量均随坡长增加呈增大趋势;(4)与CK相比,1 a时SHA和SA措施边坡细沟侵蚀模数分别减小25.0%和25.86%,两种措施减蚀效果差别不大,而3 a时则分别减小了61.73%和35.31%,SHA措施减蚀效果显著增强。研究结果可以为矿区排土场边坡的植被合理布设提供科学依据与理论指导。     

插装阀阀芯优化与仿真分析

插装阀在静止状态下，由于静摩擦的原因，导致阀芯与阀套出现卡滞现象；在运动状态下，由于压差和阀芯微偏移的原因造成阀芯与阀套发生磨损；为此提出一种新型的带有导流槽的插装阀阀芯。基于缝隙流动和液压卡紧分析，建立插装阀阀芯与阀套间隙的CFD优化仿真模型，通过N-S方程、伯努利方程和卡紧力方程联立得到阀芯与阀套间卡紧力的推导公式。基于CFD仿真模拟分析，比较新型阀芯与原阀芯不同模型间隙的切线应力、压力分布规律，结果表明：在入口压力为12 MPa时，原阀芯的切线应力在12 000 Pa上下波动，大于新型阀芯切线应力4 200 Pa；在入口压力为8 MPa时，原阀芯的切线应力在7 200 Pa上下波动，大于新型阀芯切线应力3 000 Pa；且原阀芯切线应力的波动范围远大于新型阀芯。新型阀芯在阀套间的受力更加平稳，磨损更小。研究结果为插装阀优化以及减少能量损失和改善润滑条件提供理论指导和依据。     

黄土丘陵区坡面薄层水流动力学特性及其对土壤侵蚀的影响

为奠定基于运动力学参数构建土壤侵蚀模型的理论基础,通过不同降雨强度(25、50和75 mm/h)、不同坡长(1、5、10、15和20 m)下径流小区内人工模拟降雨试验,对不同处理下坡面薄层水动力学特性进行分析,并对水动力学参数与土壤侵蚀之间的关系进行初步探讨。结果表明:当坡度一定时,坡面平均流速主要受坡长及单宽流量影响,降雨强度通过影响单宽流量的大小间接影响坡面平均流速;在试验设计范围内,当坡长1 m时,整体上呈"层流-急流态",当坡长为1 m时,整体上呈"层流-缓流态";当降雨强度一定时,雷诺数随着坡长的增加线性增加,佛汝德数随着坡长的增加以幂函数形式增加;降雨强度对坡面流有明显的"增阻"效应;坡面阻力系数随着坡长的增加呈幂函数减小趋势;坡面平均土壤侵蚀率与单宽流量间呈一元线性趋势增加,与水流平均流速间呈指数函数增加,与雷诺数间呈二次函数增加。     

宁夏原州区生态移民村生境景观连接度变化及其驱动因素

[目的]分析生态移民土地利用过程中生境景观连接度变化及其驱动因素,为生态移民的生态风险管理及移民可持续性提供科学依据。[方法]以宁夏原州区"十二五"时期4个生态移民村(丰泽、金轮、和润及泉港)为例,基于2016年高分影像数据,同时参考移民前谷歌地球2010年数据和第二次全国土地调查数据(2010年),经野外GPS校验,通过计算障碍影响指数和生境景观连接度指数,分析生态移民村土地利用生境景观分异。[结果]丰泽村和金轮村的生境景观连接度呈下降态势,和润村和泉港村呈上升态势。4个生态移民村的变化趋势明显,但极高连接度和高连接度比例很小。生态移民村生境景观变化驱动力主要为人为因素,建设用地占用耕地、园地普遍,其中泉港村与和润村建设用地面积年均增长率分别高达27.49%和21.28%,同时金轮村、和润村、泉港村无后备土地资源,生态压力突出。[结论] 4个生态移民村人口密度增大导致建设用地占用耕地明显,生态用地被分割,移民的非农活动比重大造成耕地撂荒,景观破碎化和孤岛化现象明显,生境景观呈现出不稳定状态,生态压力增加。     

竹材弦面纵向切削的研究

研究了竹材弦面纵向切削的3种切削方式(单劈刀切削、单刨刀切削及并列式双刨刀切削)及单刨刀切削时的切削阻力,结果表明:对竹材采用劈或刨的切削方式,均可进行弦面纵向切削并能获得质量较好的竹蔑。竹材的节间、节部、切削厚度、含水率及切削速度等因素对切削阻力均有不同程度的影响。节部切削阻力明显高于节间切削阻力;切削阻力随切削厚度的增大而增大,两者成线性关系;含水率增大时,节间切削阻力减小,而节部切削阻力变化不大;切削速度增大时,节间切削阻力基本上是下降的,而节部切削阻力是增大的。     

砂垫层基础的设计与施工措施

在各类工程中砂垫层的作用不同,作者对软弱地基在结构设计中采用砂垫层这一措施进行了详细叙述。     

The use of urban organic wastes in the control of erosion in a semiarid Mediterranean soil

Abstract. A two year field experiment was carried out in a semiarid Mediterranean area in order to evaluate, the effect on soil erosion of adding different urban organic wastes: a stabilized municipal waste (compost), an unstabilized municipal waste, and an aerobic sewage sludge. All the treatments significantly reduced soil erosion, compared to the control soil. The soil amended with compost was the most effective treatment, reducing soil loss by 94% and runoff by 54%.     

An evaluation of the pesera soil erosion model and its application to a case study in Zakynthos, Greece

Abstract. The Pan‐European Soil Erosion Risk Assessment (pesera ) model was evaluated using existing soil erosion data collected under various types of climate, vegetation, landscape and soil conditions. The data used represent a variety of typical Mediterranean land uses such as winter wheat, vines, olives and bare, stony land prevailing in hilly areas. Using this data, the model was calibrated for sediment transport by overland flow and results compared to measured soil erosion values from runoff plots and a watershed on a monthly basis. The performance of the model was assessed statistically, showing that it can be satisfactorily used for predicting soil erosion rates under the conditions included in the study. The overall model estimate including all the available experimental data was 0.69 t ha^?1 yr^?1 with a maximum error of 1.49 t ha^?1 yr^?1. After validation, the model was applied to a small watershed (60 ha) of great ecological importance for the sea turtle Caretta caretta. For this purpose, soil and vegetation maps were compiled from all the necessary data for applying the model. The model was run for three years using daily data from an existing nearby meteorological station. The predicted and measured soil erosion rates for a 7‐month period were 0.31 t and 0.18 t, respectively. Application of the model to each mapping unit showed the over‐riding importance of land use for sediment generation under the given climatic conditions. Bare land, occupying 5.5% of the watershed area, generated up to 69% of the total sediments estimated for the watershed. It is concluded that the pesera model can be used as a regional diagnostic tool under a range of soil, topographic and climatic conditions for identifying the best land use type and vegetation cover to protect hilly areas from soil erosion. The calculated overall root mean square error for the model is 0.06 t ha^?1 yr^?1, compared to a soil erosion rate of 0.04 t ha^?1 yr^?1, which can be tolerated for protecting the area for the sea turtle.     

直列4缸内燃机双轴平衡系统设计

直列4缸平面布置曲轴内燃机存在不平衡的二阶往复惯性力,采用兰氏双轴平衡系统,可以平衡二阶往复惯性力,使内燃机的噪声和振动明显下降。     

土的弹性抗力与墩顶固结结构物的联合计算

将土、基础及上部结构物视为一个整体，在计入土的弹性抗力后对多跨无铰拱和连续刚构的上下部结构进行联合计算，并给出了算例，可供设计参考。