木薯有性四倍体遗传稳定性分析

木薯作为中国重要的经济作物,其优良品种的选育一直是木薯科研工作的重点,而多倍体的巨型性特点为其育种提供了新的思路,目前多倍体研究大多是体细胞加倍,有性多倍化研究起步较晚,而本课题组通过2n配子有性活体杂交,成功获得了首例木薯有性四倍体植株。为了研究木薯有性四倍体的遗传稳定性,本研究分别采用:田间的农艺性状观测(生长稳定期)、流式细胞术、叶片染色体计数、蛋白质含量测定/蛋白质聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳以及淀粉含量测定等方法进行鉴定。结果显示:木薯有性四倍体各株系农艺性状均保持了母株器官巨型性的多倍体特征;流式细胞仪分析显示,木薯有性四倍体各株系叶片DNA含量均为二倍体亲本(SC5)的两倍,相对应的叶片染色体数目也为二倍体亲本(SC5)的两倍,且视野中四倍体细胞所占比例均在90%以上;各株系蛋白质含量均小于二倍体对照组,且有性多倍体株系电泳谱带基本相似;在淀粉含量测定中,其各株系淀粉含量均小于对照组,且各株系之间含量波动较小。本研究结果表明木薯有性四倍体植株具有较好的遗传稳定性,对木薯多倍体品种的选育具有重要意义。     

Cross Breeding of Populus and Its Hybrids for Cold Resistance

Populus tomento a was crossed with P. tremuloidis, P grandiden ata, P. lba × P. grandidentata and P. alba × Ulmus s . ta pumila in order to maintain its rapid growth and high wood quality and improve its resistance to cold. Two methods were used to increase the germination rate from 1.5% to 41.1% and the remaining rate from 1.7% to 44.2%. Forty crossing combinations were conducted and 2 744 hybrid seedlings were obtained. MX. t4 × P grandiden ata (G-1-58), MX3 × P. tremuloidis (T-44-60), MX2 × P. tremuloidis (l-13-87-37) and MX2 × (P. alba × P. grandidentata) were regarded as superior combinations after analysis and selection. Thirty seedlings of these combinations and 11 triploid seedlings identified by counting their chromosomes were selected as super plants.     

离体培养条件下金鱼草多倍体诱导研究

在离体培养条件下 ,研究了秋水仙素不同浓度、不同处理时间对金鱼草实生苗的诱变效果。结果表明 ,金鱼草多倍体诱导容易成功 ,0 1%～ 0 2 %秋水仙素处理 12～ 36h均能成功地诱导出金鱼草多倍体。以二倍体金鱼草为对照 ,对四倍体金鱼草形态特征和光合作用特性进行了初步研究。结果表明四倍体金鱼草叶色浓绿、叶片肥厚 ,特别是花形巨大 ,花瓣厚而挺 ,花色艳丽 ,气孔和花粉粒比二倍体显著增大。且四倍体金鱼草的净光合速率、蒸腾速率及气孔导度均比二倍体高。另外 ,还进行了四倍体与二倍体的杂交试验 ,获得了三倍体金鱼草。     

Comparison of selection methods among and within full-sibling progenies in Urochloa humidicola

Hybridization in the Urochloa humidicola breeding programme allowed to explore the genetic variability of the apomictic sources and, thus, to obtain new sexual and apomictic parents with compatible ploidy and/or superior progenies. However, given the high variability arising from crosses, there is a need to adopt efficient selection strategies among and within progenies. The aim of this study was to compare the selection methods among U. humidicola progenies with (t-BLUP) and without (BLUP) the weighting based on prediction error and subsequent selection within progenies by individual simulated (BLUP_IS) or optimal individual BLUP. We evaluated seventy-one U. humidicola full-sib progenies from biparental crosses between nine sexual and ten apomictic parents. The experiment was set up in an incomplete block design with 64 blocks of 15 plots each, consisting of individual plants. Seven consecutive cuts were made and the traits total dry-matter, leaf dry-matter and regrowth scores were measured. Genetic variance was expressive for all traits. The selection procedure among progenies of U. humidicula based on t-BLUP proved to be more advantageous regarding the use of BLUP not weighted by the prediction error, resulting in higher selection gains, taking as reference the optimal procedure of the individual BLUP. Furthermore, the use of BLUP_IS allowed an optimized selection of hybrids, allowing the breeder to explore with variable selection intensity the genetic variability within the selected full-sib progenies based on relative genetic merit.     

四倍体及二倍体毛泡桐截干再生特性研究

为掌握人工诱导四倍体毛泡桐保持多倍体特性情况及毛泡桐截干再生特性,笔者以5a生四倍体及二倍体毛泡桐截干再生苗为材料,对截干再生苗的倍性、出芽数、生长速率、叶片特性、叶绿素含量及光合特性等进行研究.结果表明:四倍体毛泡桐截干再生苗能很好地保持其多倍体倍性,相对于二倍体来说,出芽数较少,生长较缓慢;气孔增大,气孔密度降低;...     

甜菜遗传单粒型多倍体杂交种九甜单一号的选育

九甜单一号系采用单粒二倍体雄不育系九三ＭＳＡ－１为母本，多粒四倍体授粉系ＧＷ６５－３为父本配制而成的遗传单位型多倍体杂交种。经生产试验鉴定，其稚产量、含糖率、产糖量分别比对照品种甜研３０１提高１６．５％、０．６８度、２１．４５％。该品种丰产性突出、含糖率稳定、抗病性强，适宜大面积机械化精量点播和纸筒有苗移栽，属丰产型甜菜品种。     

莲NymphaeaL.多倍体研究Ⅰ.莲多倍体诱导及变异株的形态特征和细胞学观察

比较４个莲品种在不同条件下的诱变效果，结果表明：用含０．１％秋水仙素的琼脂胶包埋已萌动的莲子胚，３ｄ后诱变频率可达４６％，其效果最佳．经秋水仙素诱导的群体与正常二倍体植株比较，有一部分植株叶片肥厚、叶色变深、叶柄变粗、气孔增大而单位叶面积气孔数减少，有些植株则花器增大、花药增粗、花粉粒显著变大．对变异材料进行细胞学研究后发现，同一材料中同时存在２ｎ＝２ｘ＝１６和２ｎ＝４ｘ＝３２的细胞，甚至有２ｎ＝８ｘ＝６４的重复加倍现象．     

蔬菜多倍体育种及其应用

多倍体在蔬菜育种中具有重要的地位,开发利用前景广阔。蔬菜多倍体育种已有70余年的历史,但迄今仅有西瓜、萝卜、白菜、马铃薯等少数多倍体品种在生产上推广应用。多倍体植物自身特点和育种技术相对落后仍然是限制多倍体育种发展的主要问题。系统地介绍了蔬菜多倍体形成的途径,重点讨论了蔬菜多倍体育种中存在的障碍及其克服方法,并分析总结了蔬菜多倍体的成功应用,展望了蔬菜多倍体育种的发展前景。     

组织培养在苎麻多倍体研究中的应用初报

研究了组织培养结合秋水仙素不同浓度和处理时间对苎麻试管苗的诱导效果，发现组织培养可以明显提高处理株的成活率，０．１％秋水仙素处理６ｄ仍有３０％左右的植株成活。首次采用不定芽技术稳定苎麻多倍体，获得了四倍体细胞达９４％的单株，并发现了三倍体和非整倍体细胞，同时对处理过的试管苗进行了气孔鉴定和染色体检查，发现试管苗的气孔鉴定可靠性大。     

家蚕多倍体发生与染色体观察分析

以家蚕一代杂交种５Ａ－富蛹和刚产下卵为材料,观察研究其后代的幼虫生殖腺的染色体变化情况。结果表明,微波处理可以诱发家蚕产生多倍体,诱发的多倍体不同而有差异;在以雌蛹为材料的微波处理后代中发现了三倍体（２n=3x=84）和混倍体（2n=2x=56,2n=3x=84);在以卵为材料的微波处理后代中发现了四倍体（2n=4x=112)和混倍体（2n=2x=56,2n=4x=112)。Ｇ－带显示结果表明,在减数分裂的双线期,终变期和早中期Ⅰ的纤细染色体上显示出微弱的带纹,但是未能获得可供带型分析的显微照片。