多氯联苯(PCBl254)对栉孔扇贝消化盲囊和鳃丝EROD、GST酶活力的影响

研究了4种质量浓度（0．5μg／L、1μg／L、10μg／L、50μg／L）PCB1254暴露下，栉孔扇贝（Chlamys ferrari）消化盲囊和鳃丝7-乙氧基-3-异吩唑酮-脱乙基酶（EROD）、谷胱甘肽转移酶（GST）活力的变化。于实验开始后0、0．5d、1d、3d、6d、9d、15d、21d、30d取样测定，结果显示，除鳃丝EROD活力在低质量浓度（0．5μg／L和1．0μg/L）随时间变化不明显（P〉0．05）外，其他各处理组PCB1254对栉孔扇贝消化盲囊和鳃丝的EROD都具有明显的激活作用，而且具有明显的剂量-效应关系。低浓度（0．5μg/L、1．0μg/L）处理下，消化盲囊和鳃丝的GST活力都呈现激活的趋势，而高浓度（10μg/L、50μg/L）下，GST活力都呈现先上升后下降的趋势，且鳃丝GST活力变化幅度较为明显。结果表明，EROD和GST活力的变化在一定程度上能够反应PCBs对栉孔扇贝影响的规律性，是合适的毒理学指标，栉孔扇贝是比较好的评价多氯联苯污染的指示生物，本研究也对栉孔扇贝对多氯联苯的生物转化机制作了初步的探讨。[中国水产科学，2008，15（2）：342-346]     

液液萃取气相色谱法测定地表水中多氯联苯

指出了多氯联苯是一种持久性环境污染物,地表水中 PCBs液液萃取气相色谱法分析技术具有相当的代表性,以EPA的标准分析方法为基础,结合多年实验经验,对此方法内容进行了详细描述并对部分内容进行了优化,旨在为该方法的转化研究提供一些参考。     

Transfer of PCDDs and PCDFs into the edible parts of farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), via feed

This study was carried out to quantify the transfer of polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) from commercial fish feed into the edible part of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) under normal rearing conditions. Trout were fed with high‐energy feed for salmon (fat content 26–30%) over a period of 19 months. The average weight of the fish increased from 10 g to more than 2092 g, reaching a size of up to 51‐cm length (Tl). Considerable amounts of PCDDs and PCDFs were transferred from the fish feed into the tissue of the trout. Dioxin concentrations increased during the time of feeding from 0.054 up to 0.914 ng WHO‐PCDD/F‐TEQs kg^?1 wet weight and from 4.991 to 15.815 ng WHO‐PCDD/F‐TEQs kg^?1 fat. A correlation was found between the dioxin concentration of the feed and the resulting concentration in the fat of the muscle tissue. The data allow the establishment of transfer rates from a high‐energy diet to farmed rainbow trout.     

不同洗脱剂对污染场地土中多氯联苯洗脱效果的研究

[目的]为运用表面活性剂快速、有效地洗脱修复多氯联苯污染场地土壤提供理论依据。[方法]以宁波市某变压器垃圾填埋场的PCBs污染场地土壤为研究对象,选用3种非离子表面活性剂（Brij58、Brij30和Tween-80）以及2-羟丙基-β-环糊精作为洗脱剂,进行实验室批量洗脱试验,研究洗脱剂类型、洗脱剂浓度、温度、pH和洗脱次数对PCBs洗脱效率的影响。[结果J在4种洗脱剂中,B州58的洗脱效果最好。在温度为25℃、pH为4．5的条件下,10g/L Brij58对污染土壤中多氯联苯的洗脱效率最高,洗脱1次后的2-Cl、3-Cl、4-Cl和5-Cl取代的PCBs洗脱率分别为53％、52％、55％和83％。[结论]非离子表面活性剂B川58能够高效洗脱污染场地土壤中的PCBs。     

Plant secondary metabolites, biphenyl, and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin effects on aerobic polychlorinated biphenyl removal and microbial community structure in soils

Biphenyl and several plant secondary metabolites (PSM) (carvone, isoprene, limonene, naringin, and coumarin) and surfactant (hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, (HP-β-CD)) have been shown to improve aerobic polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) removal by several bacterial species. The objective of this study was to determine whether these treatments also affect PCB removal and microbial community structure in a high organic matter soil (Pahokee soil series with 67% organic matter) and low organic matter soil (Woolper soil series with 6% organic matter), as determined by monitoring changes in PCB levels and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) profiles in laboratory microcosms amended with these compounds. Biphenyl enhanced di-chlorinated and tri-chlorinated biphenyl removal in both soils, but PSM did not improve removal of these congeners. On the contrary, HP-β-CD decreased PCB removal when used in combination with biphenyl. Two-way analysis of variance indicated that HP-β-CD significantly increased tetra- and penta-chlorinated biphenyl removal from the high organic matter soil, but not from the low organic matter soil. Principal components analysis of PLFA data indicated that HP-β-CD increased proportions of 18:1ω7c associated with Gram-negative bacteria, but decreased 10me16 and 10me17 lipid associated with Gram-positive bacteria, while biphenyl and PSMs had no detectable effects on soil microbial communities. PCB removal was not correlated to any PLFA. In conclusion, PSM previously shown to enhance PCB removal in soil-free systems were not effective in two divergent soils evaluated in this study, and HP-β-CB had increase, decrease, or no effect on PCB removal depending on types of PCB congeners, soils, and co-amendments.     

Environmental persistence of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-dioxin in soil around hardstand 7 at eglin air force base,Florida

Background and Goal  A number of global events have generated intense scientific scrutiny and public concern of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (dioxin). DIoxins have been associated with a range of adverse health effects. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is recognized as among the most dangerous of the dioxin compounds, and was a contaminant found In one of the herbicides used for vegetation control during the Vietnam conflict: Agent Orange. As a result of purging spray systems and leaking drums of Agent Orange concentrate, TCDD contamination occurred in the soils surrounding Hardstand 7 at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. This research uses a multimedia model to estimate the TCDD concentrations in surface soil around Hardstand 7 for a 70-year time Interval beginning with observed surface soil concentrations 1984. Methods  Hardstand 7 is a nearly 40-m circular concrete and asphalt aircraft parking area. The hardstand was used as a staging area for spraying equipment used to disseminate herbicide In a test area called C-52A within EAFB. Concentrated herbicide was also stored in 208-L barrels for use with the equipment, and later, for disposal. In 1984, a field investigation characterized the extent of TCDD contamination in surface soils around Hardstand 7 using a radial sampling protocol. The 1984 observed concentrations and locations was used in a multimedia model, CalTOX, as an initial source term concentrations and locations to estimate expected concentrations during the subsequent 70-years. Results  The results indicate that more than 94% of the TCDD observed in surface soils 1984 will remain after a 70-year period. Access restrictions and remediation activities at the site eliminate bar verification of the CalTOX estimates. Conclusions. TCDD is highly persistent in the soil medium and natural attenuation may not produce a significant decrease In soil concentrations. Recommendation  Active remediation actions may be required to prevent exposure to TCDD contamination surface soils. Verifying CalTOX concentration estimates an Important step that should be performed, however, the, model provides an easy to use tool to estimate TCDD surface soil contamination at herbicide storage or dispersion staging sites.     

土壤中痕量指示性多氯联苯三种质谱检测技术的分析比较

为分析土壤复杂基质中7种痕量多氯联苯(PCBs)指示剂,分别采用常规气相–四级杆质谱(GC Q-MS)、气相–飞行时间质谱(GC TOF-MS)和全二维气相–飞行时间质谱(GC×GC TOF-MS)对土壤样品进行检测。结果显示:GC Q-MS检测方法未能检测出复杂体系中的痕量目标物;GC TOF-MS定性出其中2种PCBs,并检测出另外4种目标物的主要特征离子;GC×GC TOF-MS则能够一次性清晰分离出样品中7种PCBs指示剂,并同时检测到样品中其他20种PCBs、杀虫剂和多环芳烃类物质,且均获得较高匹配度。因此,相比于常规GC Q-MS,GC TOF-MS具有更高的定性检测能力,GC×GC TOF-MS分离能力最强,且具有较高的灵敏度和分辨率。     

Interference elimination of PCB and its ramification in determining trace PBBs/PBDEs by GC/MS

The normal method to determine the trace brominated flame retardants such as polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) contained in the electronic and electrical products is gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). However, the method is based on the determinations of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polychlorinated naphthalene (PCNs) etc. The interferences of those compounds are inevitable. Therefore, in order to overcome this problem, two methods e.g. 1) The combination use of gas chromatography negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry (GC-NICI-MS) and gas chromatography-electron impact-mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS) is employed, 2) a matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) method with YMC ODS-C18 as carrier is developed. The result show that, by the former method, the brominated isomers or ramifications are distinguished remarkably from other halogen compounds because that anion fragment retention peaks of ［Br］-, ［HBr2］- and molecule chain fragment retention peaks of ［M+2］+,［M+4］+,［M+6］+,［M+8］+ are observed simultaneously, and thus the selectivity to determine bromine-containing retardant flames is greatly improved. Using the latter method, the gas chromatographic peaks of multiple polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenylethers can be efficiently separated. Thus provides a project to solve interferences of POPs in brominated flame retardants’ determinations. The standard addition experimental results of 10 kinds of BDEs/PCBs belonging to 8 sorts of electronic and electrical equipment show this method has a high precision and reliability due to 60%～98% recovery and <9.5% relative error, which meet the needs regulated by the IEC Commission. It provides a technical support for electronic and eletrical industries in China to further comply with RoHS directive.     

应用结构信息价连接性指数预测多氯联苯(PCBS)的气相色谱保留指数(RRT)

根据隐氢分子图中顶点i原子的价层轨道在参与成键时的杂化形式,新定义了顶点i原子的价点价δiY,以价连接矩阵为基础构建了1个新的结构信息价连接性指数mQtY。新的结构信息价连接性指数mQtY能很好地反映化合物的结构特征,并且比Kier等人提出的价连接性指数mχtv的结构选择区分性能好。多氯联苯(PCBS)是一类重要的环境污染物。利用多元线性回归技术建立了209个PCBS化合物的mQtY与这些物质的气相色谱保留指数(RRT)的定量结构/保留相关关系(QSRR)模型,其相关性良好。新模型物理意义明确,计算简便,预测能力比较强。     

水体的多氯联苯(PCBs)污染及其分析方法评价

多氯联苯(PCBs)的生物毒性对生态环境和人体健康造成极大的威胁,国内外许多水体都不同程度地受到PCBs的污染。在介绍PCBs污染研究的分析方法包括色谱分析法、生物分析法和免疫分析法的基础上,对各种分析方法的优缺点进行了评述,并提出我国今后PCBs分析方法的研究方向,为建立高效快速的PCBs分析方法提供了依据。