20世纪80年代以来世界除草剂新品种开发进展及特点(一)

综述了近20年来世界除草剂新品种的开发进展，并介绍了除草剂工业发展的一些新特点。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白Cry1D新基因的克隆与特性

为扩充鳞翅目害虫杀虫基因资源，本研究从苏云金芽胞杆菌BN23-5中克隆得到一个新的cry基因，并对其进行鉴定和分析。该基因为一个完整的cry1D基因，全长3501 bp，编码1166个氨基酸残基。该氨基酸序列是一个新的Cry氨基酸序列，与Cry1Db1的同源性最高，为86%，命名为Cry1Dd1（登录号为KJ728844）。将该基因插入穿梭表达载体pSTK中，转入BT无晶体突变株HD73^-中进行表达。结果表明，cry1Dd1基因能在BT无晶体突变株中表达，并形成菱形伴孢晶体。SDS-PAGE验证其分子量为132.2 kD，与预测的大小相符。生物活性测定表明，Cry1Dd1晶体蛋白对小菜蛾的幼虫具有杀虫活性，LC₅₀为13.1 μg/mL；能明显抑制甜菜夜蛾幼虫的生长；但对棉铃虫幼虫没有杀虫活性。对cry1Dd1基因序列进行分析，cry1Dd1包含8个block保守区域，这和目前其他的cry基因相似；Cry1Dd1蛋白的活性区域为N端的37~593位氨基酸残基。     

契诃夫短篇小说的“简单”特色

契诃夫是俄国十分著名的小说名匠,它的短篇小说别具特色,在语言运用方面,精炼、直白不冗杂,给人一种清淅明了的舒畅;在人物塑造方面,他运用简单的线条、笔触来勾勒,能够直击人物的重点;在叙事角度,他选择用日常生活中的小事来阐述大的哲学道理;契诃夫的短篇小说,虽简单却五脏俱全,细节描写细致入微,耐人寻味。下面文章将分就契诃夫短篇小说中的"简单"特色进行具体阐述。     

Mitotic disruption by a novel pyrimidine herbicide, NS-245852, in oat (Avena sativa L.) roots

The effects of a novel pyrimidine herbicide, NS-245852 [2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2-yl-ketone], on mitosis in oat ( Avena sativa L. cv. Zenshin) root tips were investigated by using light and immunofluorescence microscopy. The root growth was strongly inhibited at 10⁻⁷ mol L⁻¹ of NS-245852, and swollen root tips were induced at 5 × 10⁻⁸ mol L⁻¹. As observed by the use of light microscopy, the herbicide produced disrupted mitosis and large polynucleate cells in the meristematic root tissue. These symptoms were similar to those of mitotic disrupter herbicides. The immunofluorescence microscopy studies of the root tip cells treated for 30 min revealed that spindle fibers and the preprophase band were reduced, although kinetochore fibers and the phragmoplast were not affected. Kinetochore fibers remained as small fluorescence spots, and the phragmoplast disappeared after a 3 h treatment. No microtubule arrays were observed by a longer treatment (longer than 3 h). Among the microtubule arrays, spindle fibers and the preprophase band were found to be the most sensitive to the herbicide, whereas kinetochore fibers were the most resistant. The phragmoplast was intermediate. Thus, the primary action of NS-245852 is the inhibition of polymerization of tubulin into microtubules.     

Prokaryotic Expression and Polyclonal Antibody Preparation of σC Protein of Novel Duck Reovirus DH13 Strain

The aims of the experiment was to optimize the prokaryotic expression system of σC protein,prepare polyclonal antibody against σC protein of novel duck reovirus (NDRV),and evaluate the titer of the antibody.The σC gene of NDRV-DH13 strain was amplified by RT-PCR,ligated into pET-30a(+) and pET-32a(+) expression vector,constructed prokaryotic expression plasmid,which were transformed into E.coli BL21(DE3) and the expression of the σC protein were induced by IPTG.The proteins expression were analyzed by SDS-PAGE.The recombinant protein without His tag was purified by digestion,and the recombinant protein with His-tagged was purified by Ni-NTA column.Then the polyclonal antibody was obtained from rabbits which had been immunized by the purified protein without His tag.Anti-His-labeled mAb and NDRV-σC positive serum were used as primary antibodies to evaluate antibodies specificity,the antibodies titer was detected by indirect ELISA (iELISA).SDS-PAGE results showed that the molecular weight of the expression on recombinant proteins were 34 and 37 ku respectively,the proteins were highly expression.Western blotting showed that they had the specific reaction and the prepared antibodies had higher affinity with σC protein,the titer were about 1:25 600 by iELISA detection.This study successfully constructed and optimized the prokaryotic expression system of the polyclonal antibody against σC protein,laid a foundation for the further study of σC protein and the research of genetically engineered vaccine.     

破伤风疫苗的研究进展

作者阐述了破伤风毒素的来源、危害、历史以及在预防破伤风方面的疫苗研制情况，破伤风类毒素制备工艺及其存在的不足，提出了亚单位疫苗、基因疫苗和基因工程疫苗等的优点和应用前景。     

植物基因组上游开放阅读框的挖掘方法及其翻译调控

基因组中约有20％的基因具有上游开放阅读框（upstream open reading frame，uORF），它位于成熟mRNA 5''端非编码区（5''-UTR）。本文简介了uORF同源群的挖掘方法、分类和进化，以及调控下游mORF翻译的研究进展。植物（拟南芥和水稻等）和昆虫（果蝇等）基因组中普遍存在保守肽uORFs，并且在序列多样性方面有相似之处。但它们在平均长度、基因组聚类、与甲基转移酶的关联性上有所不同。植物uORF的长度通常短于昆虫uORF。借助拟南芥和水稻全长cDNA序列比较，不同的uORF同源群对其下游如转录因子，信号转导因子、发育信号分子和翻译起始因子eIF5等编码基因的mORF具有调控功能。对于真核生物基因组中包含CHCH域的uORF进行贝叶斯系统发育分析，结果表明，同源群8-like分属5个物种（绿藻、节肢动物、线虫、无脊椎动物和真菌）。在真核生物生长、发育和生理过程中，uORF通常作为反式因子对mORF表达起调节器作用，例如，在植物蔗糖、多胺、磷脂酰胆碱，以及甲基转移酶反应中，相当大比例的uORF参与介导mORF的翻译调控。     

组织培养技术在甜菜上的应用及未来展望

系统地阐述了组织培养技术在甜菜快速繁殖、创造新种质以及种质保存等方面的应用研究进展。同时对甜菜组织培养未来的发展方向进行了展望。     

论动物形象在艾特玛托夫小说中的作用

除了众多深入人心的人物形象之外,艾特玛托夫还为读者描绘了一个鲜活的动物世界,其中的主角形态各异,有着丰富的情感世界.这些充满灵性的动物不再是作品中可有可无的道具,它们与人物形象一样丰满重要.它们不再仅仅只协助铺展故事情节,提供情节转折的契机,而是积极参与人物的生活,成为作品中的另一主角,反映人类社会,观照人生,映衬人间善恶,具有多重作用.本文欲从生态伦理的角度来分析艾氏多部作品中出现的动物形象在协助阐释作者生态思想方面所起的作用,并进一步指出人与动物、与自然自古就存在姻缘纽带,动物也与人类一样有着丰富的情感世界,是人类的兄弟,理应得到人类的关照和尊重;人类善待万物生灵,与自然和谐相处是构建整个生态和谐的基础,也是确保整个生态系统健康和谐发展的重要条件.