九连山国家森林公园负氧离子浓度时空变化及影响要素研究

负氧离子不仅对空气质量具有改善作用，而且对人体健康起到重要的影响。通过连续观测九连山国家森林公园空气负氧离子浓度，分析负氧离子浓度的时空变化规律及与各气象要素之间的相互关系。结果表明，九连山国家森林公园负氧离子浓度水平达到Ⅰ级标准，对人体健康极有利。原始阔叶林中负氧离子浓度明显高于人工林中负氧离子的浓度，且原始阔叶林和人工林中负氧离子浓度都呈现夏秋高于冬春，夏季最高，冬季最低；早晚浓度明显高于白天浓度的规律。因此九连山国家森林公园适合出游时间为夏秋季，且上午或傍晚最佳。此外，负氧离子的浓度与空气温度、湿度以及降水量都有明显的相关性，同时也受其他气象因素的影响。这些结果可以为推进森林旅游业的建设提供科学支持，特别是自然保护区内负氧离子资源和旅游产品的开发。     

鲜食玉米果穗收获负压除杂装置参数优化与试验

针对现有鲜食玉米收获机在收获果穗时，果穗中含有茎叶等杂质，影响运输、贮存和后续加工等问题，采用轴流风机负压除杂技术去除果穗中的茎秆和茎叶等杂质，同时在除杂装置内增加动、定刀，切碎杂质，便于后续的打包回收利用，并对风机负压除杂装置进行了性能分析和参数优化。通过对动、定刀进行动力学分析，对动、定刀数和刀间隙进行分析，确定了该装置的风机转速范围为1326~1573r/min，动、定刀间隙20mm，定刀数为3~8。采用二次回归正交组合试验方案，以风机转速、定刀数、喂入量为试验因素，以果穗含杂率和茎秆切碎长度合格率为试验指标进行台架试验，通过分析各因素对指标贡献率，得到影响茎秆切碎长度合格率的主次顺序为喂入量、风机转速、定刀数，影响果穗含杂率的主次顺序为风机转速、喂入量、定刀数。建立了参数优化数学模型，利用Optimization模块优化得出，当风机转速为1524r/min、单排定刀数为4、喂入量为7.6kg/s时，茎秆切碎长度合格率为96.8%，果穗含杂率为0.69%。对优化后的参数组合进行了5组验证试验，得到茎秆切碎长度合格率平均值为96.2%，果穗含杂率平均值为0.71%。相比于传统收获机，该装置使果穗含杂率降低了23.3%，说明该优化参数能够满足鲜食玉米果穗收获和茎叶青贮相关技术要求。     

土地规模化经营能否促进农业社会化服务获取?——基于全国3类农户样本的实证分析

土地流转和农业社会化服务是经营规模化和服务规模化的根本途径,研究二者关系对农业供给侧结构性改革、农业现代化发展乃至乡村振兴具有重要意义。基于第二期"全国新型农业经营主体发展指数调查"数据,运用负二项回归模型实证分析土地流转及转入不同特征土地对普通农户、专业大户和家庭农场农业社会化服务获取的影响。结果表明,单纯的土地转入对不同类型农户农业社会化服务获取均不具有显著影响。但如果转入土地有利于规模化经营、农业基础设施较好,则能显著促进社会化服务获取。另外,农户经营能力越强,对不同类型社会化服务的应用程度也越高。因此,政府应推动更有效率的土地流转,实现农业适度规模经营;加强农业社会化服务供给,提升农户生产经营效率;强化经营主体培训,增强联结带动能力。     

东阳义乌水权交易的第三方效应及对策研究

运用系统分析方法、比较分析方法和典型案例法,结合东阳义乌地区水权交易的经典案例,着重阐释了水权交易过程中产生的第三方正效应和第三方负效应,提出对水权交易第三方正效应进行多样化补偿和对第三方负效应采取预防、保障、补偿三结合的治理措施,以解决水权交易过程中的公平和效率问题。     

北极村樟子松与落叶松林区空气负离子浓度及其与气象因子的关系

为了揭示空气负氧离子浓度与林种及相关气象条件之间的关系,笔者于2013年夏、秋两季对北极村地区选取的具有代表性的样地进行负氧离子浓度的观测及研究,通过时间尺度平均值及相关性分析的方法,对采集数据进行统计分析,并得出北极村地区负氧离子浓度的总体水平以及其与林种和气象因子之间的变化关系。结果表明:漠河北极村空气负离子浓度的总体水平处于548~1203个/cm~3,平均值为892个/cm~3,负氧离子浓度大体上与空气温度呈正相关、与空气湿度呈负相关。落叶松样地整体负氧离子水平高于樟子松样地,不同季节对负氧离子浓度也有较大影响。揭示出北极村地区负氧离子浓度与林种、季节以及气象因子之间的变化关系。     

一种准零刚度被动隔振系统的非线性共振响应分析

分析了一种机构的负刚度特性和它与线性主弹簧并联后而成的隔振系统的准零刚度特性，推导了准零刚度被动隔振系统的主谐波共振、亚谐波共振和超谐波共振的幅频特性表达式.结果表明，机构的负刚度区域随弹簧的初始变形与杆长的比值增大而变宽；隔振系统的准零刚度区域随主弹簧的刚度与机构中的弹簧总刚度的比值以及机构中的弹簧初始变形与杆长的比值增大而变宽；经比较发现，本文推得的被动隔振系统的同一种谐波共振幅频特性与杜芬方程的幅频特性均存在较大偏差.因此，对于这类被动隔振系统的运动微分方程，若以位移激励的幅值与激励频率平方的乘积代替单位质量的激励力幅值按杜芬方程的解来处理谐波共振问题将会带来较大误差.     

不同通风工艺在浅圆仓中应用的研究

在对大豆进行冬季通风作业时,采用正压上行压入式、负压下行吸出式和先负压后正压三种作业方式分阶段进行通风,充分的利用自然冷源,达到降温目的,通过对比三种作业方式的降温效果、水分损耗、降温能耗、人工投入等,并根据粮情,找出最合适的通风方式。     

Prey and non‐native fish predict the distribution of Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius) in a south‐western river in North America

Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius) has been extirpated from a large portion of its historical range in the Colorado River basin, USA. A repatriation effort via stocking of juvenile P. lucius in the San Juan River, NM, CO and UT has resulted in limited recruitment of individuals into an adult population. Understanding biotic and abiotic factors that limit their persistence in the Colorado River basin will be a critical step in providing for their recovery. To elucidate potential recruitment barriers in the San Juan River, we assessed relationships between the numbers of two age classes of P. lucius and prey, competitors and predators collected at a 1.6 km reach scale between 2003 and 2012. We used an information theoretical approach to rank candidate models testing the relative importance of these biotic conditions in predicting the spatial distribution of P. lucius. We found positive relationships between the numbers of P. lucius ≤200 mm total length (TL) collected and catch per unit effort (CPUE) of native prey among reaches. For P. lucius >200 mm TL (individuals that are likely completely piscivorous), we found positive associations between the numbers of P. lucius collected and CPUE of total prey and CPUE of potential non‐native competitors in each reach. Our data suggest size‐specific affinities of P. lucius for native and non‐native prey as well as the potential for negative interactions between P. lucius and non‐native competitors may contribute to limited recruitment of juvenile P. lucius into an adult population in the San Juan River.     

A network meta‐analysis of threats to South American fish biodiversity

While environmental alterations have made Homo sapiens the hyperkeystone species of the globe, biotic homogenization initiated a new era, the “Homogenocene.” Still, some terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in South America are considered pristine and wild, which can lead to a general faith that economic progress is consistent with conservation strategies, even without scientific support. We compiled anthropogenic threats to fish biodiversity in a hierarchical meta‐analysis, along with an evidence synthesis of threats related to biological invasions, based on peer‐reviewed research with the aim to represent the actual conservation status of the South American ichthyofauna. We highlighted human‐related threats and synergistic effects of biological invasions, climate change, environmental alterations (e.g., pollution, aquaculture and damming) and fisheries. Considering measures that reinforce novel alien fish (e.g., artificial hybrids or genetically modified) introductions, it became clear why an eventual increase in local or regional species richness is not always beneficial to aquaculture, biodiversity, human well‐being or nature. In fact, citizens in all societal roles, including scientists, should revise their concepts about threats to fish biodiversity. Environmental policies require more than taxonomic diagnostics to achieve conservation goals under an incompatible scenario of a multiplying number of fish species and biotic homogenization. We advocate for countries in South America using science‐based strategies useful to maintain their social and economic growth along with their “remaining nature.” We live a crucial moment when the government overlooks threats to biodiversity and uses agribusiness as the most acceptable manner of fuelling the economy.