桑叶的生理功能及在猪生产中的应用

桑叶中富含丰富的蛋白质、碳水化合物和氨基酸等营养物质,具有降脂、抗氧化、降血糖等多样化功能,是良好的畜禽饲料资源.但对桑叶的重视程度不够,使得桑叶在我国未能得到大规模的开发利用,导致桑叶资源的大量浪费。文章对桑叶的生理功能和在猪生产中的应用进行相关综述。     

论桑树病虫害与蚕病危害的关系

受管理理念的影响，桑树肥培管理工作存在一定的问题，加剧蚕病的扩散和蔓延，降低桑树 和蚕茧的生产质量，造成整体的经济效益不高。为此，本文深入分析桑树病虫害与蚕病危害的关系， 并提出防治的措施，以供参考。     

Dietary supplementation with Moringa oleifera and mulberry leaf affects pork quality from finishing pigs

Moringa oleifera and Morus alba leaves are nutritious non-traditional feed ingredients containing bioactive substances. This study was to evaluate the potential application of dietary Moringa and Morus leaf powder on the growth traits, carcass characteristics and meat quality of finishing pigs. Moringa did not alter growth performance or carcass characteristics, but it decreased meat b* value, increased MyHCIIa and decreased MyHCIIx mRNA levels, and increased CP and concentrations of Ala, Thr, Ile, Lys and Pro in longissimus thoracis. Morus increased final BW, ADFI and ADG, decreased F/G ratio, improved slaughter weight, carcass weight, carcass yield and meat a* value, and decreased shear force, drip loss, MyHCIIx and MyHCIIb mRNA levels, and increased MyHCI and MyHCIIa mRNA levels. Morus also increased CP, Glu, Gly, Ala, Arg, Ile, Phe, Pro, Ser, Tyr and Asp, and C16:1, C18:1n9c, C20:4n6, C18:3n3, C20:3n3, C22:1n9 and n-3 PUFA, but decreased C12:0 and C16:0. In summary, Morus improved the parameters and held great potential as an unconventional feed crop.     

Effects of dietary mulberry leaf extract on the growth,gastrointestinal, hepatic functions of Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus)

Mulberry leaf extract (MLE), an active substance extracted from mulberry leaves, is known to have a positive effect on several physiological functions. The current study examined the effects of dietary MLE in feed at concentrations 0, 3.0, 6.0, 9.0, 12.0 and 15.0 g/kg on the growth performance and gastrointestinal and hepatic functions of Andrias davidianus for 12 weeks. Results indicated that the final body weight, weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate and feed intake (FI) of A. davidianus increased with the increase in the dietary MLE up to 9.0 g/kg and declined thereafter, while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) exhibited an opposite trend. Meanwhile, A. davidianus with a dietary intake of 9.0 g/kg MLE showed higher levels of crude protein in muscles and lower levels of moisture and crude lipid levels in the liver and muscles when compared with the control. In addition, dietary MLE increased the density and length of the villi and decreased the cavity rate in the foregut, enhancing the activities of carbonic anhydrase, H⁺‐K⁺‐ATPase, pepsin, intestinal trypsin, lipase and Na⁺‐K⁺‐ATPase (p < .05) in the stomach. Furthermore, dietary MLE increased the intestinal and hepatic superoxide dismutase activities and total antioxidative capacities but decreased their malondialdehyde contents in A. davidianus. Dietary MLE also significantly increased the immune parameters, and the plasma total protein, albumin and immunoglobulin M contents but significantly decreased the aspartate aminotr‐ansferase, alanine aminotransferase and diamine oxidase activities, and the total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, cholesterol, triglyceride and endotoxin contents (p < .05). In conclusion, a quadratic regression analysis of WGR and FCR indicated that the optimum level of MLE for A. davidianus was between 8.21 and 8.30 g/kg of the diet.     

桑叶养猪实用技术

桑叶养猪实用技术分为桑树种植技术和桑叶干粉发酵养猪技术两个部分。利用荒地种植桑树,降低生猪养殖饲养成本,桑叶养猪种养结合,成为生态农业典范。桑叶干粉发酵技术,提高了桑叶干粉的可消化率和饲料功能。桑叶干粉发酵料占配方6%~10%,做成桑叶猪饲料,替代3%~5%鱼粉、豆粕等蛋白质饲料,节约了饲料成本。桑叶喂养猪(简称桑叶猪,下同)的猪肉中含有肌苷酸等风味物质,显著提高猪肉胴体品质和猪肉风味。设计猪尿处理,采用红泥膜沼气池降解工程工艺应用后,降解水兑2倍清水对桑树喷灌工艺,减少人工处理劳力和成本费用。设计10%抗非洲猪瘟中药饲料添加剂+桑叶饲料,预期防治非洲猪瘟总效果85%以上。桑叶养猪实用技术可行,供同行参考。     

用自助法统计推断炔螨特对桑树朱砂叶螨的防治效果

采用自助法(Bootstrap method)对炔螨特(propargite)防治桑树朱砂叶螨(Tetranychus cinnabarinus)的效果进行了统计推断。将4个试验点获得的田间防治效果数据进行平方根反正弦转换后,采用1000次自助法再抽样并作统计分析。结果表明,73%炔螨特乳油243．33mg/L有效质量浓度处理的第1、3、7天,田间防治效果的点估计分别为78．37%、86．03%和86．36%,置信区间估计依次为78．21%～78．52%、85．83%～86．24%和86．16%～86．55%;365．00mg/L处理的第1、3、7天,田间防治效果的点估计分别为88．14%、91．90%和91．23%,置信区间估计依次为88．01%～88．27%、91．78%～92．02%和91．09%～91．38%;486．67mg/L处理第1、3、7天,田间防治效果的点估计分别为92．82%、95．70%和95．11%,相应的置信区间估计依次为92．72%～92．93%、95．64%～95．76%和95．01%～95．20%。以上述的点估计为测试点,对各浓度处理后的不同天数的防治效果进行游程检测(Monte carlo Sig方法),随机性显著(p＞0．05)。通过Tamhane方法、Dunnett T3方法和Games-Howell方法对上述各处理的不同天数后的防治效果进行统计检测表明：炔螨特对桑园中朱砂叶螨的防治效果在防治后第3天达到高峰(p＞0．05),至第7天,243．33mg/L处理区的防治效果持平(p＜0．0000);而365．00和486．67mg/L处理区的防治效果呈下降趋势(p＞0．05)。以上统计推断结果显示：73%炔螨特乳油对桑树朱砂叶螨具有较好的田间防治效果,推荐使用的有效质量浓度为243．33mg/L。     

桑叶中黄酮化合物的提取工艺及不同品种不同时期的含量变化

探讨了不同单因子对桑叶中黄酮成分浸提效果的影响。用80%乙醇作溶剂,原料质量浓度50.00 g/L,于70℃、pH 8的条件下浸提3 h并抽提2次的提取效果较好。以毛细管电泳仪测定、分析了不同品种、不同时期桑叶中的芦丁、槲皮素等成分,湖桑9001叶片中的芦丁含量高,湖桑32号的槲皮素含量高,10月份采摘桑叶中的芦丁和槲皮素的含量最高。芦丁、槲皮素等成分在桑叶中的动态变化:以10 mmol/L磷酸二氢钠-20 mmol/L的硼砂溶液(pH 8.62)作缓冲液,在25℃,20 kV的压力下电泳,245 nm波长处检测,线性关系良好,在8 m in内完全分离。     

桑椹菌核病研究进展

桑椹菌核病是由3种子囊菌真菌引起的相似症状病害的统称,为果桑生产中的毁灭性真菌病害,严重制约果桑产业的发展。这3种病原菌同为死体营养型病原菌,其侵染手段多样,侵染机制复杂。由于3种病原菌在人工培养上存在不同程度的困难(桑实杯盘菌和肉阜状杯盘菌难培养,核地杖菌在人工培养基上不能完成生活史),在一定程度上限制了病原菌的研究。本文综述了桑椹菌核病的侵染循环、病原菌、病害流行、病原菌与寄主互作等方面的研究进展,并对未来的研究进行了展望,以期对桑椹菌核病的深入研究提供参考。     

几种常见桑树病害的识别与防治

桑树是蚕桑产业的重要物质基础。为确保桑树健康成长,促进产业发展,桑树病害的有效识别与及时防控尤为重要。真核微生物、原核微生物及非细胞类病毒中均存在能引发桑树传染性病害的病原微生物。其中由真核微生物引起的桑里白粉病与桑椹菌核病,原核微生物引起的桑青枯病与桑疫病是爆发频繁、危害极大的桑树病害。本文就这四种桑树病害的病原、侵染循环、病害识别及防治方法等进行系统梳理,并简要介绍几种非细胞类微生物引起的桑树病害,以期为生产上防治相关病害提供参考。     

桑叶和桑枝综合利用概况

近年来,桑叶和桑枝的综合利用研究取得较大进展。桑树资源的开发利用,具有广泛的生态、经济和社会效益,对促进传统蚕桑产业的转型升级具有重要意义。桑叶富含多种保健和营养成分,桑叶茶和桑叶饲料开发已初具规模;桑枝资源丰富,成本低廉,桑枝食用菌栽培、桑枝地板、桑枝造纸以及桑枝制药原料已初见成效。