青岛百合小孢子发生和雄配子体的形成

采用石蜡切片技术和铁矾-苏木精染色方法,研究了珍稀濒危植物青岛百合小孢子发生和雄配子体形成过程。结果表明:青岛百合有6枚雄蕊,每个花药具4个花粉囊。花粉囊壁发育属基本型,由6层细胞构成,即表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层,绒毡层细胞发育为腺质绒毡层。小孢子母细胞减数分裂的胞质分裂为连续型。小孢子在四分体中的排列为四面体型、左右对称型和十字型。成熟花粉粒为2-细胞型,具1个萌发沟。花粉粒在整个发育时期有不同步现象,相差1～2个时相。     

拟南芥野生型及突变体小孢子发生和发育的比较研究

通过电镜对拟南芥野生型及ｅｐｎ型突变体小孢子发生和发育进一步研究（此突变体的特征是花粉从游离核时期就具有多核、多沟并有分枝的花粉管），值得注意的是突变体在发育至四核花粉母细胞时期，在整个母细胞原生质膜外开始形成小孢子的外壁（与野生型晚期四分体内单倍体小孢子原生质体外形成的外壁相同），此外，在突变体小孢子发生的整个过程中也未见到正常四分体的出现。因此，设想具有两个营养核、两个生殖核的突变体的大花粉直接由非正常的四核花粉母细胞形成，突变体发生缺失的时期在前减数分裂期或减数分裂Ⅱ     

油杉花粉个体发育与传粉过程

应用常规压片法和整体染色透明法对油杉小孢子的发生和雄配子体的发育过程进行观察,研究其传粉生物学特征.结果表明:油杉小孢子母细胞在1月26日-2月5日进行减数分裂,在减数分裂过程中胞质分裂为同时型,四分体排列方式多为左右对称型;小孢子经过连续4次有丝分裂后,于2月底形成5-细胞型的成熟花粉粒,成熟花粉由两个原叶细胞、一个不育细胞、一个精原细胞和一个管细胞组成,其中两个原叶细胞在花粉成熟时已退化;经TCC法检验,花粉生活力为92.6%;3月1日-8日为油杉传粉期,3日-5日为传粉高峰;在传粉期间,胚珠珠孔端无传粉滴产生,珠孔端耳状结构边缘粘附有花粉.虽然花粉母细胞发育表现出不同步现象,产生少数具3个或4个气囊的异形花粉,但从小孢子的发生及雄配子体发育的整个过程看,未见败育或其他异常现象,能形成大量正常的成熟花粉,因此,花粉个体发育不是影响油杉结籽率低的主要因素,而造成油杉球果结籽率低的主要原因可能在于其传粉过程.     

Male Sterility in Barley

The anther form and development of eight two-rowed genie male sterile barley mutants are abnormal. The male sterility in each mutant is conditioned by single non-allelic recessive genes. These mutant genes cause reductions in anther size and lumen diameter. Though in seven mutants, the male meiosis is normal until microspore liberation, the micro-spores abort in all cases after release from the PMCs. In one mutant, the microspores degenerate at the tetrad stage before release from the PMCs. In four mutants, the tapetal development and disintegration are normal, in four others they are abnormal. Despite these variations, the male sterility in all the eight mutants is complete.     

Male fertility and cytology of triploid hybrids between tetraploidSolanum commersonii (2n=4x=48, 2EBN) and Phureja-Tuberosum haploid hybrids (2n=2x=24, 2EBN)

Summary Solanum commersonii Dun. is a diploid (2n=2x=24, 1EBN) wild species of potential value for potato breeding. It is a reproductively isolated species and cannot be crossed with Tuberosum haploids (2n=2x=24, 2EBN) or other diploid 2EBNSolanum species. In order to overcome the EBN barriers, triploid hybrids were produced between Phureja-Tuberosum haploid hybrids, which form 2n pollen grains by parallel spindles, and tetraploidS. commersonii. Microsporogenesis analysis of the triploids indicated a trend towards low values of chromosome distribution at Anaphase I; lagging chromosomes were often observed as well. Despite these abnormalities, the percentage of stainable pollen was very high, ranging from 5.0% to 74.3%. A high variation in pollen grain diameter was also evident. Parallel and tripolar orientation of spindles at Metaphase II of microsporogenesis was a common feature of all the triploids analyzed, but dyads and triads were observed at a very low frequency. Therefore, also the frequency of 2n pollen was very low; the different size of stainable pollen appears to represent the ploidy levels which are possible according to the distribution of chromosomes in Anaphase I. The results obtained also suggest thatS. commersonii could have minor genes acting at the end of meiosis in such a way that, despite the presence of parallel/tripolar spindles, dyads/triads are not formed.Contribution no. 124 from the Research Center for Vegetable Breeding.     

番木瓜小孢子发生和雄配子体形成

首次报道了番木瓜(Carica papaya L.)雄花小孢子发生和雄配子体形成的过程.结果表明,番木瓜花花药4室,药壁5～6层,腺质绒毡层;小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型,四分体呈正四面体形.成熟花粉粒为二细胞型,呈圆形;小孢子发育及雄配子体形成过程中有败育现象,产生空粒花粉粒.导致花粉粒败育的主要原因是绒毡层细胞延迟解体退化,不能及时提供小孢子正常发育的营养.     

石蒜小孢子发生与雄配子体形成

报道了石蒜(Lycoris radiataHerb.)小孢子和雄配子体的发生发育。花药由4个花粉囊组成,花粉囊壁包括表皮、药室内壁、中层与绒毡层。小孢子母细胞减数分裂后胞质分裂为连续型。小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程存在滞后染色体、染色体桥、染色体片段和微核等现象。成熟花粉粒具有二核、三核和营养细胞中存在二核等异常现象。减数分裂异常和绒毡层细胞延迟退化是导致花粉败育的主要因素。     

余甘(Phyllanthus emblica L.)大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育研究

采用常规石蜡切片技术,对平丹1号余甘大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育进行研究.结果表明:药壁发育为双子叶型;绒毡层为腺质绒毡层;小孢子母细胞减数分裂时胞质分裂为同时型;产生四面体形四分体;成熟的花粉粒为二细胞型花粉;平丹1号余甘的雌蕊为上位子房,3心皮3室,每室含倒生胚珠2枚,为厚珠心,具珠心喙,胚囊为蓼形;平丹1号余甘部分大孢子母细胞、大孢子及胚囊发育异常,致使不能形成正常的卵细胞,不能进行受精.     

单瓣与重瓣樱花雌雄蕊发育的比较研究

对单瓣和重瓣樱花雌雄蕊的发育进行了系统观察。结果表明:单瓣樱花‘大岛樱’雌蕊1心皮1室,胚珠发育后心皮开始愈合,2倒生胚珠,通常仅有1个能发育为成熟胚囊,双珠被,厚珠心,大孢子四分体线型排列,胚囊发育方式属蓼型;雄蕊小孢子四分体为四面体型,成熟花粉为二细胞型。重瓣樱花‘普贤像’和‘一叶’雄蕊数量显著少于‘大岛樱’,花药瓣化,花粉败育,雌蕊叶化。‘普贤象’少数花萼筒上着生异位子房和败育胚珠,‘一叶’少数花未完全叶化的子房内壁着生败育胚珠;‘普贤象’和‘一叶’均存在同株花异型现象。并对樱花重瓣花形态建成的分子机制展开了探讨。     

土沉香小孢子发生与雄配子体发育的细胞学观察

利用普通光学显微镜对土沉香小孢子发生与雄配子体发育的过程进行了观察。结果表明:土沉香小孢子发生与雄配子体发育过程均正常;花药4室,花粉囊壁由4层细胞组成,分别是表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层,绒毡层的类型为腺质绒毡层,药壁形成方式为双子叶型;小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程中的胞质分裂为同时型,形成的四分体大多为四面体型,少数为左右对称型;成熟花粉粒为二细胞型。还利用扫描电镜对土沉香的成熟花粉进行了观察,发现成熟花粉呈球形,表面为具钝三角形投影的基柱所组成。萌发孔小,边缘不清晰,不易被观察到。