黑条灰灯蛾分离的一种微孢子虫生物学特性研究

从广东省曲江县蚕区捕捉的黑条灰灯蛾(Creatonotus gungis L.)成虫分离到一种微孢子虫.孢子大小为(3.03±0.17)μm×(1.90±0.07)μm;孢子的血清学类型、超微结构与传统的家蚕微粒子孢子(Nosema bombycis,简称N. b.)有差异;黑条灰灯蛾微孢子虫的发育周期符合Nosema属的特征;对家蚕有中等程度的感染能力,经卵传染频率较低.     

粉纹夜蛾微孢子虫的分离及其初步分类鉴定

从粉纹夜蛾(Trichoplusia ni,Tn)幼虫中分离纯化得到一种微孢子虫,孢子形状为卵圆形,大小为(2.832±0.486)μm×(1.947±0.317)μm。它能寄生粉纹夜蛾的大多数组织器官,在虫体内的发育过程具有微粒子属Nosema的分类特征,并初步命名为Nosema sp.。     

影响微孢子虫对棉铃虫幼虫致病力的因子

1997年田间调查时，发现一种寄生于棉铃虫的微孢子虫，对棉铃虫具有很强的致病力。为明确环境因子对该微孢子虫及其致病力的影响，测定了温度与紫外线对该微孢子虫及其杀虫效果的影响。结果表明，该微孢子虫孢子耐受温度范围较宽，最高温度上限为55℃。温度对其致病力有显著影响，在一定温度范围内，随着生境温度的升高，微孢子虫对棉铃虫幼虫致病力增强。该微孢子虫对紫外线较敏感，在紫外线照射下易失活而丧失致病力。     

桑尺蠖Thelohania类微孢子虫及其对家蚕的传染性研究

从海宁蚕区的桑尺蠖体中分离到Ｔｈｅｌｏｈａｎｉａ类微孢子虫,其孢子形态大小与家蚕微孢子虫Ｎｏｓｅｍａｂｏｍｂｙｃｉｓ相似．在孢子形成期产生多孢子芽膜,孢子形成数为８个．感染寄生于蚕肌肉、气管、生殖腺、脂肪、马氏管等组织细胞,对蚕幼虫的致病性较弱,胚种传染频率较低     

梭子蟹肌孢虫的组织分布与形式特点

利用透射电镜技术研究了梭子蟹肌孢虫在三疣梭子蟹体内的组织分布和形式特点,结果显示,梭子蟹肌孢虫主要寄生在骨骼肌、血淋巴、鳃、胃和肠,而在心脏、肝胰腺、性腺和神经等部位未发现。在胃和肠的结缔组织以及骨骼肌中发现梭子蟹肌孢虫的分裂体,表明其可以在这些组织的细胞中增殖,尤其是在骨骼肌细胞中,大量不同发育时期的虫体显示了该虫对骨骼肌的亲嗜性。梭子蟹肌孢虫的分裂体以及其他增殖期的细胞仅寄生于宿主细胞内,而成熟的孢子可存在于宿主细胞内和细胞外基质中。梭子蟹肌孢虫的孢子有6种存在形式,在宿主细胞内和宿主细胞外基质中各有3种。孢子在宿主细胞内的存在形式:1孢子直接寄生于宿主细胞质中,自由游离,无膜包围;2孢子被单层膜包围,类微绒毛样突起物部分溶解,这种情况见于专业性吞噬细胞——无颗粒细胞内;3孢子被层状环形膜结构包围,类微绒毛样突起物清晰,这种情况见于非专业性吞噬细胞内。孢子在宿主细胞外基质中的存在形式:1孢子自由游离,无膜包围,类微绒毛样突起物清晰;2多个孢子被体液性被囊包围,类微绒毛样突起物清晰;3孢子无膜包围,孢外壁与类微绒毛样突起物消失。本研究阐明了梭子蟹肌孢虫在三疣梭子蟹体内的组织分布和孢子的存在形式,为进一步研究微孢子虫在宿主蟹体内的迁移规律提供了重要的基础数据。     

微孢子虫侵染研究进展

微孢子虫种类繁多,侵染寄主过程十分复杂,pH值、离子种类及浓度、温度、射线等都能激活孢子发芽侵入寄主.近年来微孢子虫侵染机理研究已从激活因子推进到孢子生理生化的研究.研究表明:微孢子虫孢内糖类物质浓度的变化与孢子内压升高,诱发极丝的弹出密切相关;同时,微孢子虫孢子的表面蛋白、极膜和极管蛋白(PTP)在孢子侵染寄主过程中扮演着重要角色.     

“脊尾白虾肌肉微孢子虫病”的病原和病理分析

江苏启东海水养殖脊尾白虾出现肌肉白化症状,虾腹部、头胸甲、步足、尾扇等部位病变明显,通过活体压片镜检发现肌肉中存在大量球形包囊,利用超显微技术对病原的形态和结构进行分析,确定其为微孢子虫,并对脊尾白虾的病变组织进行了病理分析。结果表明：该微孢子虫具包囊结构,包囊大小为（5.40±0.55） μm,一个包囊内含8个孢子,成熟孢子呈椭圆形,孢子长为（2.30±0.25） μm,孢子宽为（1.50±0.19） μm,孢内极丝一般环绕9~10圈。病理分析显示,脊尾白虾的鳃、胃、肠和肌肉内均发现微孢子虫寄生和不同程度的病变。其中,肌肉组织病变最严重：原肌纤维存在的空间被大量的球形包囊占据,肌纤维断裂,空泡数量增多,线粒体消失;鳃细胞膨大呈空泡状,鳃膜坏死,核质、细胞质和细胞器消失;胃细胞胞浆基质电子密度增大,孢子寄生在结缔组织中脂滴附近;肠外膜上皮细胞核质皱缩,部分肌层消失,孢子寄生在肠粘膜层和肌层之间。     

Isolation of the salmonid rhamnose-binding lectin STL2 from spores of the microsporidian fish parasite Loma salmonae

The microsporidian parasite, Loma salmonae, is the causative agent of gill disease in both wild and netpen-reared salmonids worldwide. In this paper we report the finding of a rhamnose-binding lectin from steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, which was found bound in high concentration to the surface coat of L. salmonae spores. SDS-PAGE, immunoblot, N-terminal sequencing and mass spectrometric analyses were used to determine that the dominant 24 kDa protein lectin observed on SDS-PAGE analysis of intact spore extracts is the O. tshawytscha variant of the previously identified rhamnose-binding lectin STL2 from rainbow trout, O. mykiss. Although the physiological role of these lectins has not been clearly delineated, they have been implicated in a variety of functions, including inhibition of pathogenic bacteria by opsonization and macrophage-mediated tumour lysis.     

Encephalomyelitis associated with microsporidian infection in farmed greater amberjack, Seriola dumerili (Risso)

An outbreak of a disease characterized by a peculiar spiral movement in farmed greater amberjack, Seriola dumerili (Risso), occurred in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan, in May 2008, immediately after importing the fish from China. Although neither bacteria nor viruses were detected in routine diagnostic tests, histopathological observations of the affected fish revealed severe inflammation in the tegmentum of the brain including the medulla oblongata and the anterior part of the spinal cord. In addition, a microsporidian parasite was observed in the nerve cell bodies or axons in the inflamed tissues. We identified a microsporidian small subunit rRNA gene (SSU rDNA) from the lesion, and the sequence showed 96.1% identity with that of Spraguea lophii. Subsequent in situ hybridization using probes presumably specific to the SSU rRNA confirmed that the parasite observed in histopathology harboured the identified SSU rRNA. Apparently degenerated microsporidian cells or spores were also frequently observed in tissue sections. Thus, the disease was most probably caused by the infection of a hitherto unknown microsporidian parasite that has a genetic affinity to the genus Spraguea, in the central nervous system of the amberjack.     

家蚕的一种微孢子虫对小菜蛾的致病力测定

测定了从家蚕体内分离的一种微孢子虫Vairimorpha sp.对小菜蛾的致病力。室内试验结果表明,当起始侵染期为小菜蛾2龄幼虫,浓度为1×10~6孢子/ml时对当代小菜蛾的致病力最高,幼虫的死亡率可达80.00％～82.67％,蛹死亡率可达50.00％～52.94％,而小菜蛾雌成虫的产卵量由对照的249.64～278.38粒/雌下降到120.56～126.72粒/雌,产卵量下降50％左右;当起始侵染期为3龄幼虫,浓度为1×10~6孢子/ml时,当代幼虫的死亡率只有40.00％～61.33％,与起始侵染期为2龄时相差很大,蛹死亡率和成虫每雌产卵量下降率与起始侵染期为2龄时差异不大。另外,家蚕微孢子虫还可通过垂直传染方式影响下代小菜蛾幼虫的死亡率。