林隙微生境及更新研究进展

系统评述了国内外关于林隙干扰及更新的最新研究进展.林隙是一种经常发生的小规模干扰,是森林群落时空格局变化的驱动力.不同的林隙干扰状况导致了林隙内光照的差异,进一步造成林隙内温度、湿度、土壤理化性质的变化,形成了微生境的时空异质性.林隙干扰通过改变微生境而对幼苗的出土、存活、定居和生长产生重要影响.林隙内种子库的物种丰富度变化很大,是幼苗分布格局的重要影响因子.更新幼苗的存活率和生长量受林隙大小及幼苗在林隙中位置的影响.指出了这一领域今后的研究方向.     

Effects of gravel mulch on aeolian transport:a field wind tunnel simulation

The shape,size and coverage of gravels have significant impacts on aeolian sand transport.This study provided an understanding of aeolian transport over the gravel mulching surfaces at different wind velocities by means of a mobile wind tunnel simulation.The tested gravel coverage increased from 5% to 80%,with a progressive increment of 5%.The gravels used in the experiments have three sizes in diameter.Wind velocities were measured using 10 sand-proof pitot-static probes,and mean velocity fields were obtained and discussed.The results showed that mean velocity fields obtained over different gravel mulches were similar.The analysis of wind speed patterns revealed an inherent link between gravel mulches and mean airflow characteristics on the gravel surfaces.The optimal gravel coverage is considered to be the critical level above or below which aeolian transport characteristics differ strongly.According to the present study,the optimal gravel coverage was found to be around 30% or 40%.Threshold velocity linearly increased with gravel coverage.Sand transport rate first increased with height above the wind tunnel floor(Hf),reaching a peak at some midpoint,and then decreased.     

Physical extent,frequency, and intensity of phosphatase activity varies on soil profiles across a Douglas-fir chronosequence

In forest soils, the availability of phosphate is largely dependent on phosphatase activity. We used soil imprinting to compare in situ activity and fine-scale distribution of phosphatase on soil profiles located across forest chronosequences of four age classes young (5–6 yrs), canopy closure (24–30 yrs), stem exclusion (61–71 yrs), and older (90–103 yrs) of mixed Douglas-fir/paper birch stands regenerated after fire or clearcutting in southern interior British Columbia, Canada. Chromatography paper treated with a mixture of substrate and colorimetric reagent was applied directly to vertical soil surfaces, accessed through root windows. Stands older than 61 years had both the highest level of in situ phosphatase activity and larger, more intense regions of activity. Bray-extractable phosphorus was negatively related to imprintable phosphatase activity. We compared the changes in phosphatase activity with differences in the ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) community that had been documented previously in the same stands. Of 84 ectomycorrhizal fungi found on roots in at least two of the stand-age classes, eight taxa were positively correlated and one taxon (Rhizopogon vinicolor/vesiculosus) negatively correlated with high phosphatase activity. The frequency of three taxa appeared to be positively correlated with larger areas of activity on the soil profiles. By using an imprinting approach, this study was able to demonstrate, for the first time, that in situ phosphatase activity and physical attributes of that activity (i.e., number, size, and relative rates of each area of activity) were related to concentrations of soil nutrients and with the frequency of individual ectomycorrhizal fungi.     

尿素营养斑对小麦苗期根系生长和微域分布的影响

营养斑(Nutrient patch)在土壤中普遍存在。为了摄取养分,植物主动发生生理和形态方面的变化以适应土壤养分分布呈现斑块状这一特性,目前是植物生态学理论的重要议题之一。试验采用自制容器,模拟不同的尿素斑块(对照、尿素混施与尿素条施),观察小麦苗期根系对不同尿素肥斑的响应。结果表明:在尿素混施处理中,小麦根系的微域分布与土壤中铵态氮、硝态氮的微域分布相对应,均呈对称状;而在尿素条施处理中,因此小麦根系与土壤铵态氮、硝态氮的微域分布均呈非对称状,因为营养斑附近集中分布了大部分的氮,过高的氮含量对小麦根系生长造成胁迫,因此小麦的根系形成了背向营养斑生长的微域分布特征。总之,尿素肥斑对小麦根系的生长产生一定的影响,并且根系微域分布是与营养斑内铵态氮、硝态氮分布存在一定的对应关系,这对进一步研究施肥方法对肥料利用率的影响奠定了理论基础。     

Effects of biological soil crusts and drought on emergence and survival of a Patagonian perennial grass in the Monte of Argentina

Biological soil crusts are widely distributed in arid and semiarid regions. They have an important eco- logical role, especially by modifying physical and chemical properties of soils. Biological crusts may also modify seed germination and seedling establishment. The effects vary widely according to the type of crust and the vas- cular plant species. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of moss-dominated biological soil crusts on the emergence, biomass and survival of Poa ligularis Nees ex Steud. under different irrigation regimes. We col- lected seeds of P. ligularis and biological soil crusts composed of two species of mosses： Syntrichia princeps （De Not.） Mitt and Ceratodon purpureus （Hedw.） Brid. from an area in the Monte of Argentina. The result showed that seedling emergence of P. ligularis was higher in treatments with bare soil than in soil covered by crusts, and also in those with watering to field capacity. Mean emergence time was higher in treatments with bare soil and watering to field capacity. Seedling biomass also showed significant differences between treatments. These results suggest that biological soil crusts dominated by mosses do not promote P. ligularis emergence, although they would not affect its survival.     

Stimulation of methane consumption by endogenous CH4 production in aerobic grassland soil

The net CH₄ flux in terrestrial ecosystems is mostly the result of simultaneous gross CH₄ production (P₄CH) and gross CH₄ consumption (C₄CH) rates. However, it is not well-understood how endogenous P₄CH may influence C₄CH and hence the net CH₄ flux outcome in upland soils. Gross CH₄ consumption may be either stimulated or outweighed by P₄CH, resulting in higher or lower net CH₄ uptake rates, respectively. To investigate gross CH₄ fluxes, we incubated intact soil cores taken from a permanent grassland with and without difluoromethane (DFM; blocks CH₄ oxidation). The gross CH₄ consumption was calculated by taking the DFM-measured rate of P₄CH into account. Most of the oxic cores exhibited a more than 30 times higher C₄CH than P₄CH rate. However, four cores showed a considerably higher gross CH₄ production, accompanied by a stimulated gross CH₄ uptake which was entirely masked in the net CH₄ flux (C₄CH/P₄CH ratios of 0.9-2.3). In three of the four cores macro-fauna (earthworms and Scarab beetle larvae) were present. Removing the animals and homogenizing the intact core structure lowered P₄CH by 27-100%. Subsequent incubation of Scarabidae larvae such as Pachnoda sp., Cetonia sp. and others revealed animal CH₄ and N₂O production rates within the range of those observed in the inhabited cores. Moreover, in-situ soil air CH₄ concentrations obtained from four depth profiles (0-50 cm depth) at the grassland site also indicated that temporarily, small-scale local hot spots of CH₄ and N₂O production existed within otherwise aerobic soil profiles. These spots indicated a stimulated CH₄ uptake after the CH₄ source (of whatever nature) had ceased. The results suggest that soil macro-fauna, anaerobic soil microsites or both combined may provide suitable conditions for CH₄ production in otherwise oxic soil environments. Hence, endogenous CH₄ production in upland soil may partially be related to the density and species composition of soil invertebrates, with a potential impact on the CH₄ sink capacity of these soils.     

林型和微立地类型及其土壤性质对土壤抗侵蚀能力的影响

采用原状土冲刷水槽法和静水崩解法测定土壤抗冲性和抗蚀性,以云冷杉红松林(PA)和椴树红松林(TP)的林隙和郁闭林分为对照,分析了小兴安岭地区2种林型由掘根倒木形成的不同丘和坑微立地类型及其土壤性质对土壤抗冲性和抗蚀性的影响,旨在揭示它们与土壤抗侵蚀能力的关系。结果表明:在2种林型下由掘根倒木形成的丘和坑微立地上,土壤砂粒含量均较高,其抗侵蚀能力均较弱,而对照却相反;2种林型下丘和坑微立地的土壤容重均与土壤抗冲性和抗蚀性呈无显著的负相关(P>0.05),而PA对照的土壤容重与它们均呈不显著正相关(P>0.05),TP林隙的土壤容重与它们却呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),其郁闭林分的土壤容重与它们呈极显著负相关;2种林型下丘和坑微立地的土壤有机质均与土壤抗冲性和抗蚀性呈不显著正相关,而对照则呈极显著正相关;土壤抗侵蚀能力随着林型和微立地类型而变化,TP丘和坑微立地的土壤抗侵蚀能力不显著高于PA,而PA对照的土壤抗侵蚀能力却显著高于TP的对照。由此可知,丘和坑微立地的形成会造成土壤抗侵蚀能力大幅下降,导致土壤养分的流失,土壤黏粒含量减少,土壤恢复过程较为困难。     

Seed rain and soil seed bank compensatory roles on Nassella tenuis (Phil.) Barkworth seedling recruitment in ungrazed and grazed sites

In semi-arid lands, vegetation is distributed in shrub patches immersed in a less vegetated interpatch matrix. Grazing affects perennial grass seed bank through a decrease in seed rain and an increase in seed predation and soil compaction. Nevertheless, some species with anchorage mechanisms in their seeds might overcome this, such as Nassella tenuis (Phil.) Barkworth. This is an important species in grazing paddocks because it has an intermediate palatability and its relatively tolerant to grazing. These characteristics allow N. tenuis to increase its abundance in grazed sites. Our objective was to assess how grazing affects the key palatable species from seeds to seedlings: i.e., seed rain, soil seed bank, and seedling recruitment in different microsites along a windward-leeward transect across shrub canopy. We hypothesized that: (1) the negative effects of grazing on N. tenuis fructification are reflected in its seed rain, soil seed bank, and seedling recruitment, especially in interpatches; (2) Nassella tenuis seed rain reduction, soil compaction by cattle in grazed sites, and removal of seeds by wind decrease its soil seed bank, especially in microsites exposed to the predominant wind; and (3) the decrease in N. tenuis soil seed bank and cover increase in annual species in grazed sites have negative effects on its seedling recruitment, especially in microsites exposed to predominant wind. We placed seed traps, collected soil samples, and monitored seedling recruitment in different locations around shrub canopy to address our hypotheses. Also, we established a manipulative experiment in which we sow N. tenuis seeds and followed its recruitment in different microsites. We compared the seed rain, soil seed bank, natural seedling recruitment, and sown seeds recruitment of N. tenuis between grazed and ungrazed sites. We analyzed differences between microsites along a windward-leeward transect across shrubs patches. Seed rain and soil seed bank had the same density in patches and interpatches both in ungrazed and grazed sites. But seed rain was higher, and soil seed bank was lower in ungrazed sites than in grazed sites. Almost all under-canopy microsites showed greater soil seed bank abundance and natural seedling recruitment in ungrazed sites. Sown seeds recruitment was the same between grazed and ungrazed sites, but it showed protective effects of shrubs in leeward microsites under grazed sites. As a conclusion, seed rain and soil seed bank are complementary under grazed sites.     

Millipedes (Diplopoda) in birds nests

Nests of birds represent an unusual microhabitat for diverse groups of soil and epigeic invertebrates including millipedes. The millipede faunas of 301 birds nests from 63 localities throughout Slovakia were obtained by heat extraction of the nest substrates. In total 18 species of millipedes were found in 7 different types of nests of 40 bird species. The most frequent millipede species were Polyxenus lagurus and Proteroiulus fuscus. The similarities in the millipede nidifauna depending on the type of nests, ecological characteristics and geographical distribution of millipede species are discussed.     

微生境对华山松人工林天然更新的影响

【目的】探讨华山松人工林天然更新与微生境因子间的关系,为指导华山松人工林科学经营提供参考依据。【方法】以华山松为研究对象,在甘肃小陇山林区分别在阳坡、阴坡设置20m×20m典型样地各4个,分别调查弱度(20%)、中度(30%)和强度(40%)3种间伐强度处理下,华山松林分的光照强度、空气温度、空气湿度、土壤含水率、凋落物厚度、灌木层盖度、草本层盖度7项微生境因子特性及相应区域的幼苗、幼树更新数量,并采用通径分析法对二者的相关性进行分析。【结果】(1)华山松幼苗更新数量和种群更新潜力随着间伐强度增大而增大,但坡向因子对幼苗幼树数量和种群更新潜力均未产生显著影响。(2)微生境异质性对华山松天然更新有显著影响,土壤含水率和凋落物厚度对幼苗发生数量起主要负向作用,光照强度和灌草层盖度起正向作用。(3)在华山松幼苗向幼树生长的过渡阶段存在明显障碍现象,幼树死亡率较高,林下光照不足是制约华山松完成天然更新的重要原因。【结论】对华山松人工林经营管理时,应采取抚育间伐结合清理林下凋落物的方式,以便为幼苗定居和生长发育提供较好的环境条件,利于种群更新潜力的提升。