陇东黄土丘陵区梯田土壤养分评价——以甘肃庄浪县为例

【目的】从县域尺度对陇东黄土丘陵区梯田土壤养分进行评价,为黄土丘陵区梯田土壤培肥、粮食产量增加提供科学依据。【方法】以庄浪县耕地质量评价数据为数据源,共采集3 839个样点,且采样点均匀覆盖全县农田,通过主成分分析和方差成分估计模块分析了陇东黄土区梯田土壤大量养分（有机质、全磷、全氮、缓效钾、速效磷、碱解氮、速效钾）和微量养分（有效铜、有效锌、有效锰、有效铁、有效硼）分布特征及其影响因素。【结果】1）庄浪县梯田土壤全磷和速效磷含量处于高水平,速效钾含量处于较高水平,有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量处于中等水平。土壤大量养分综合指数处于较低、中等和较高级别的样本数分别占有效样本数的14.45%,65.89%和19.66%。2）庄浪县梯田土壤有效铜、有效锰和有效铁含量为中等水平,有效锌和有效硼含量处于中下水平,且有较大面积的土壤缺硼。土壤微量养分综合指数处于较低、中等和较高级别的样本数分别占有效样本数的32.53%,63.35%和4.12%。3）土壤类型对土壤大量养分空间变异的贡献率达51.81%,海拔影响次之,其贡献率为23.60%。随着海拔的升高,土壤大量养分综合指数在较高水平样本所占比例相应增加。4）土壤微量养分空间变异性与土壤类型、土壤质地、海拔有关,土壤类型对微量养分空间变异的贡献率最高,为69.41%,土壤质地、海拔的贡献率分别为17.65%,11.76%。随着海拔的升高,土壤微量养分综合指数在中高水平所占比例总体降低。【结论】陇东黄土丘陵区梯田土壤大量养分和微量养分整体处于中等水平,有较大面积的土壤缺硼。梯田土壤养分的空间变异主要受土壤类型和海拔的影响。     

Diurnal Macronutrients Uptake Patterns by Lettuce Roots under Various Light and Temperature Levels

In order to reduce nutrient wastes to the environment the supply should be in accordance to the demand for these. Two experiments were conducted to study and quantify the effect of temperature, irradiance, and plant age on the uptake of nitrate (NO₃^?), ammonium (NH₄⁺), dihydrogen phosphate ion (H₂PO₄^?), potassium (K⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), and sulfate (SO₄²). In the first experiment, various levels of temperature and irradiance were applied to plants in a growth chamber, while in the second experiment the uptake was studied along the crop season under greenhouse conditions. The uptake rates were calculated at 2-hour intervals through sampling the nutrient solution and analyzing it by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Increasing light and temperature enhance the uptake rates, while the rates decrease with plant age. Nitrogen absorption was similar during the day as during the night. No differences were found in the absorption of H₂PO₄^?, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and SO₄^2? between day and night. Nitrate absorption was found to have a positive correlation with the absorption of all the ions except for NH₄⁺.     

不同钾肥种类对苹果产量、 品质及耐贮性的影响

【目的】苹果需钾量高,而果农普遍忽视钾肥的施用,随近年来密植栽培的推广,苹果单产大幅提升,使得陕西苹果园土壤面临缺钾现状,故合理补充钾肥对苹果生产至关重要。本文通过比较两种钾肥(KCl与K2SO4)对树体生长、 矿质养分吸收、 果实产量品质及采后贮藏特性的影响,为苹果树钾肥的合理施用提供科学指导。【方法】以陕西凤翔8年生红富士苹果树为研究对象,连续两年(2011~2013)对果树进行3种施肥处理,分别为不施钾(CK)、 KCl和K2SO4。在果树生长期间测定新梢生长量、 新梢叶片及果实矿质元素含量、 果实产量品质并定期测定采后贮藏期果实品质的变化(包括硬度、 可溶性固形物、 可滴定酸、 腐烂率)。【结果】1)CK、 KCl、 K2SO4 3个处理的平均新梢生长量分别为18.25 cm、 17.83 cm、 19.39 cm,无显著差异。与CK相比,施KCl 和K2SO4 7月中旬新梢叶片的氮、 磷含量均有所提高,其中K2SO4处理的叶片氮、 磷含量显著高于CK,但钙、 镁含量降低。2)年均苹果产量表现为KCl K2SO4CK,且3者之间差异显著。3)CK、 KCl、 K2SO4的年均单果重分别为267.42 g、 304.72 g、 287.73 g,其中KCl处理的单果重显著高于其它处理。施用KCl和K2SO4,横径80 mm以上的果实比例分别比CK提高14.9%和11.5%; 4)与对照相比,两种钾肥均提高了果实的氮、 磷含量和累积量,且KCl处理果实氮、 磷累积量高于K2SO4。果实中的钾含量和累积量3个处理之间无显著差异。施钾与对照相比均降低了果实中的钙、 镁含量及累积量。5)施钾与否对果实采收时的硬度无显著影响,但施钾可提高果实的可滴定酸、 可溶性糖及Vc含量。在室温下贮藏,90 d内不同处理果实可滴定酸含量降低,并趋势一致; KCl和K2SO4处理可溶性固形物含量呈上升趋势,而不施钾处理的可溶性固形物逐渐降低。贮藏结束后,果实软化率CK、 KCl、 K2SO4分别为19.23%、 6.96%、 22.19%,腐烂率分别为11.11%、 9.25%、 5.55%。【结论】短期内施KCl肥在增加产量,促进果实膨大,改善采收时果实品质方面效果稍好于K2SO4; 而K2SO4在促进新梢生长、 树体养分吸收,提高果实贮藏性能方面优于KCl。     

RATIO OF CALCIUM TO MAGNESIUM INFLUENCES BIOMASS,ELEMENTAL ACCUMULATIONS,AND PIGMENT CONCENTRATIONS IN KALE

Producers use elemental ratios, such as calcium (Ca): magnesium (Mg), in fertility programs to ensure sufficient nutrient uptake. Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala D.C.) accumulates high levels of carotenoids which can be beneficial for human health. Objectives were to determine the influence of Ca:Mg fertilization on 1) biomass, 2) essential nutrients, and 3) carotenoids in kale leaf tissues. ‘Redbor’ kale was greenhouse-grown in solution culture. Ca:Mg ratio treatments were 9:1, 6:1, 3:1, 1:3, 1:6, and 1:9. Ca:Mg ratio significantly affected biomass, nutrient accumulation, and carotenoids. Plant biomass decreased linearly (P ≤ 0.001) and β-carotene, lutein, neoxanthin, and antheraxanthin all increased, then decreased quadratically (P ≤ 0.001) as the ratio of Ca:Mg changed from 9:1 to 1:9. Ca:Mg ratio also affected leaf tissue Ca, Mg, potassium (K), sulfur (S), boron (B), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo) and zinc (Zn). Results indicate that producers wishing to maximize elemental uptake and carotenoid content of kale need to consider the ratio of Ca:Mg in their fertility programs.     

VARIATION AND INTERRELATIONS AMONG NUTRIENT ELEMENTS IN WHEAT LEAVES USED FOR FORAGE

Dual purpose wheat provides valuable forage resources for cattle in the southern Great Plains during winter. In this study, 96 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were analyzed for variation in concentrations of 11 mineral elements in leaves. The mean concentration was 133.4 mg kg^?1 for manganese (Mn) and 293 mg kg^?1 for iron (Fe), being much higher than the 30 mg kg ^?1 recommended for each of these two minor mineral elements. Mean concentrations of zinc (Zn) (24.1 mg kg^?1) and copper (Cu) (4.4 mg kg^?1) were much lower than recommended concentrations. A highly significant correlation was detected between major minerals, magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) (r = 0.9272**) and between minor minerals, Fe and nickel (Ni) (r = 0.8905**). Copper had no significant correlation with any minerals except Zn (r = 0.2529*), whereas Zn had significant correlations with all of the tested minerals except Cu, Mn, and Ni. The interrelations between different minerals provided information for effective selection strategy for ideal mineral concentrations in breeding of dual purpose wheat.     

Nitrogen use efficiency and nutrient partitioning in maize as affected by blends of controlled-release and conventional urea

ABSTRACT

Blends of controlled-release urea (CRU) and conventional urea can be an alternative to conventional fertilization to improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and reduce costs when applied as a single application to agricultural crops. Different indexes of NUE, grain yield, nutrient uptake and partitioning in maize (Zea mays L.) were investigated in field experiments. The treatments consisted of a single rate of 180 kg N ha^?1 with different proportions of polymer-sulfur coated urea (PSCU) and conventional urea (U) applied incorporated at sowing (0.05 m below and 0.1 m to the side of the seed row) at two tropical sites (Site 1, Typic Haplustox; Site 2, Rhodic Haplustox) in Brazil. A control treatment (without urea-N) and a treatment with conventional urea management (UCM: 20% of urea-N applied as basal fertilizer and 80% of N applied as top dressing) were also included. This study demonstrates that blends of PSCU and U are efficient in supplying N throughout the maize cycle at a Typic Haplustox site when applied in a single application incorporated at sowing, resulting in high yields and adequate macronutrient uptake. PSCU improved NUE index compared to U and UCM. There was not response for N fertilization in the Rhodic Haplustox site.     

Production and Spad Reading in Marandu Palisadegrass Fertilized with Nitrogen and Magnesium

The increase in tropic grass production and its estimation by the SPAD value can be related to combined supply of nitrogen and magnesium. The objectives were to check the effect of magnesium (Mg) rates on the productive response of Marandu palisadegrass to nitrogen (N) rates; correlate the supply of N and Mg with the SPAD reading; establish the use of SPAD reading as a way of predicting the N and Mg concentrations in diagnostic leaves (DL) and shoot dry matter (SDM). The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse. Five N rates and five Mg rates were used in nutrient solutions, in a fractionated 5 × 5 factorial design with four replications. High N and Mg rates resulted in high dry mass yield and leaf area, in greater numbers of leaves and tillers. The correlations between SPAD reading and SDM, N and Mg in DL were high, high and low, respectively.     

不同氮素形态对干旱胁迫杉木幼苗养分吸收及分配的影响

【目的】干旱胁迫是限制植物生长的重要非生物因素之一,而适宜的氮素营养可以提高植物的抗旱性。本文探讨了供应不同形态氮源对干旱条件下杉木[Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook]幼苗养分吸收及分配的影响。【方法】采用水培试验,供试杉木材料为2个无性系幼苗(7–14号和8–8号),在营养液中添加10%(w/v)PEG-6000进行干旱胁迫。营养液中的氮源处理包括硝态氮、铵态氮、硝铵混合氮,氮素浓度均为4.571mmol/L,每个品种均设6个处理。培养20天后,测定了杉木幼苗根、茎、叶的养分含量及生物量。【结果】与正常水分供应相比较,干旱胁迫条件下供应铵态氮可促进叶片N、K以及茎叶P、K的吸收,供应混合氮可促进根部K的吸收;供应铵态氮可促进根、茎对Ca的吸收,对叶片Ca无明显作用。干旱胁迫对根部Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn吸收量影响显著,氮素供应不同程度地降低了干旱胁迫下各器官Mg、Fe、Mn和Cu吸收量,表现为抑制吸收,但添加铵态氮比硝态氮的降低幅度小。3个氮源处理均降低了干旱条件下根部Zn吸收量,但没有降低甚至增加了茎、叶中Zn的吸收量,说明氮营养可调节Zn在各器官间的分配,缓解干旱导致的缺锌现象。不同器官之间各养分吸收量差异显著,3个氮源处理中,N和P吸收量表现为叶>根>茎,K和Ca为叶>茎>根,Fe、Cu为根>叶>茎,Mg、Mn和Zn在各器官之间的分配规律不一。铵态氮吸收量均表现为叶>根>茎,且各器官铵态氮吸收量显著高于硝态氮,说明杉木具有明显的喜铵特性。【结论】在干旱胁迫下,氮素供应形态显著影响杉木幼苗对养分的吸收及在各器官中的分配,作用效果因家系品种和元素种类而异。总体来讲,铵态氮提高干旱胁迫下杉木幼苗养分吸收的效果好于硝态氮,杉木可以认为是喜铵植物。     

Effects of prebiotics on nutrient digestibility of a soybean‐meal‐based diet by red drum Sciaenops ocellatus (Linnaeus)

The present study examined the effects of four prebiotic compounds on nutrient and energy digestibility of soybean‐meal‐based diets by red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). The experimental diets contained 40% crude protein of which approximately half was provided by soybean meal with the remainder from menhaden fish meal. The four prebiotics GroBiotic^®‐A (a mixture of partially autolysed brewers yeast, dairy ingredient components and dried fermentation products), mannanoligosaccharide (MOS), galacto‐oligosaccharide (GOS) and inulin were individually added to the basal diet at 1% by weight. A diet with all its protein provided by menhaden fish meal was also included as a control. This control diet had the highest apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) values – 87% for protein, 87% for lipid, 78% for organic matter and 83% for energy. The basal soybean‐meal‐based diet supplemented with GroBiotic^®‐A, GOS and MOS had significantly (P<0.05) increased protein (82%, 82%, 82% respectively) and organic matter ADC values (69%, 64%, 66% respectively), compared with the basal diet (69% for protein and 49% for organic matter). However, the lipid ADC values were significantly decreased for fish fed with the diets supplemented with inulin, GOS and MOS (63%, 61%, 61% respectively) compared with the basal diet (77%) but not for those fed GroBiotic^®‐A (82%). Energy ADC values were also increased in fish fed with the GroBiotic‐A^®, GOS and MOS diets (73%, 70%, 72%), compared with the basal diet (57%); however, fish fed with the inulin diet had an energy ADC value (54%) similar to that of fish fed with the basal diet. Thus, the present study is the first to demonstrate that nutrient and energy digestibility of soybean‐meal‐based diets by red drum can be enhanced with prebiotic supplementation.     

几种海水和淡水贝类的大宗营养成分比较研究

分别对3种淡水贝和3种海水贝的大宗营养成分进行了较为系统的研究。总体而言,这6种贝的水分含量相差不大,但粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分含量却相差明显。其中,波纹巴非蛤和长竹蛏属于高蛋白贝类,其蛋白占干物质的75%,而其脂肪和灰分含量中等,分别占8%和14%左右;近江牡蛎和河蚌属于多脂肪贝类,其脂肪含量在所测贝类中最高,约占干物质的14%,而蛋白和灰分则相对较少,分别为14%和6%;螺蛳和中华圆田螺属于高灰分贝类,其灰分含量高达27%,蛋白居中(60%),而脂肪最低(3%)。在蛋白质量方面,这几种贝类的氨基酸评分总体略低于全鸡蛋蛋白,但其赖氨酸评分优于全鸡蛋蛋白,在与粮谷类的搭配上具有更明显的蛋白质增效作用。在脂肪质量方面,海水贝的多不饱和脂肪酸特别是EPA和DHA明显比淡水贝高,如属于海水贝的长竹蛏、波纹巴非蛤、近江牡蛎的EPA和DHA的含量总和分别为14.19%、25.51%和34.29%,而属于淡水贝的中华圆田螺完全不含EPA或DHA,海水贝在脂肪营养方面明显优于淡水贝。在矿物质营养方面,淡水螺表现出非常明显的优势,有开发成补充多种矿物质之天然膳食补充剂的潜力。本研究对指导人们按各自的营养需求选择不同的贝类品种具有非常重要的意义。研究亮点:比较分析了3种海水贝和3种淡水贝之间的大宗营养成分,并按各种贝类的营养特点,将贝类初步分为3类,即以波纹巴非蛤和长竹蛏为代表的高蛋白贝类、以近江牡蛎和河蚌为代表的多脂肪贝类、以中华圆田螺和螺蛳为代表的高灰分贝类,这对引导人们按需选择贝类具有非常重要的意义,同时对于贝类的加工利用和开发各具特色高附加值贝类产品具有很好的指导作用。