Biological control of the Western flower thripsFrankliniella occidentalis in cucumber using the entomopathogenic fungusMetarhizium anisopliae

Biological control of the western flower thrips (WFT)Frankliniella occidentalis, using the entomopathogenicMetarhizium anisopliae-7 (M. a-7) strain was studied in three consecutive seasons under greenhouse conditions. Cucumber plants infested with WFT were sprayed with spore suspension of the fungusM. a-7 (0.5 g m^-2), or the soil was treated with dry powder of the fungus (0.5 g m^-2); the control was without fungus application. In the 1997 spring experiment, when the cucumber plants were initially infested with only three or four insects per leaf, the spore suspension spray caused a significant reduction in growth of the thrips population compared with the other treatments and the control. However, in the 1997 summer experiment, when the plants were initially heavily infested with WFT (10–15 insects per leaf), the spray treatment caused only a modest reduction in WFT population growth, and only after 4 weeks of treatment was the reduction significant. In the 1999 experiment, with a low initial WFT population of three or four insects per leaf, the spray treatment was effective in reducing the population growth to a lower level than in the other treatments or control. TheM. a-7 strain was found to be effective in reducing the population growth of WFT under greenhouse conditions, particularly when the initial thrips population was low to moderate. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Nov. 4, 2001.     

昆虫病原线虫和共生细菌培养系统中噬菌体的检测

本文利用紫外照射、温度、pH、盐度诱导五株溶源性共生菌株Xenorhabdus和Photorhabdus同时测定斯氏和异小杆属线虫Steinernema carpocapsae A24,S.carpacapsae ALL,S.feltiae English,S.feltiae SN,Heterorhabditis bacterophora H06在体外培养过程中是否存在感染共生细菌的噬菌体。结果未发现噬菌斑，说明实验菌株在实验诱导条件下以及昆虫病原线虫固体培养系统中不可能诱发噬菌体的危害。     

根结线虫的研究现状

概述了根结线虫的发生分布和传统分类鉴定,以及分子生物学技术(同工酶电泳技术、DNA重组技术、PCR技术)在根结线虫种和生理小种鉴定中的运用及其防治,并对生物防治及抗根结线虫育种、转基因工程在植物线虫学研究领域上的应用前景作了展望。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌防治植物寄生线虫的研究进展

植物寄生线虫是一类重要的植物病原生物,给农业生产造成巨大的损失.传统方法防治植物寄生线虫都存在一定的局限性.研究发现苏云金芽胞杆菌对线虫有毒杀活性,为防治植物寄生线虫寻找到了一条新途径.文章介绍了苏云金芽胞杆菌防治植物寄生线虫的研究现状,着重阐述了苏云金芽胞杆菌的杀线虫晶体蛋白及其基因、杀线虫机制等方面的研究进展,并探讨了其中存在的问题及其对策.     

Factors affecting the development of disease symptoms in potatoes infected by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tobacco rattle virus</Emphasis>

Infection of potato plants with Tobacco rattle virus by its nematode vector can have different outcomes, including the development of spraing symptoms in progeny tubers. A novel syndrome described here comprises a generalized mottle in leaves on all stems, together with virtually total failure to produce daughter tubers. The outcome of infection depends partly on the potato genotype, but field trials with 15 varieties showed that the incidence and severity of spraing symptoms at three sites differed. There was no evidence that this was due to differences in virulence among the virus isolates at the sites, but it was probably the result of environmental differences that influenced the numbers and activity of the vector nematodes. At the most severely affected site, spraing symptoms were found in all varieties tested, except Record, including several that were not affected at the other two sites. Taking both severity and incidence of symptoms into account, the ranking of varieties was similar at each site. The incidence of spraing symptoms was greater in larger than in smaller tubers, and increased with later harvest dates, but did not increase when early harvested tubers were stored. Tobacco rattle viruswas detected in the roots of many of the weeds growing at one of the sites and in the roots of a few plants of the subsequent barley crop.     

秀丽纤杆线虫在寄生性线虫抗原研究中的应用

秀丽纤杆线虫 (Caenorhabditis elegans)是一种模式线虫 ,目前广泛应用于寄生性线虫基因的功能研究 ,并且还被用于捻转血矛线虫等寄生性线虫疫苗侯选抗原基因的表达和耐药性产生机制方面的研究     

保护性耕作对土壤团聚体、微生物及线虫群落的影响研究进展

保护性耕作具有良好的生态效益，有利于农业生态系统的可持续发展。本文对比分析了国内外有关常规耕作和保护性耕作措施对土壤团聚体、土壤有机碳、土壤微生物及土壤线虫影响的研究进展。结果表明：保护性耕作减少土壤大团聚体的破坏，降低团聚体周转速率，提高土壤结构的稳定性；保护性耕作提高表层土壤总有机碳及活性有机碳含量；保护性耕作可以提高耕层微生物生物量，尤其对真菌生物量影响显著；保护性耕作不同程度地提高了团聚体中微生物量和微生物多样性，但并未改变微生物在团聚体中的分布模式；保护性耕作可提高土壤线虫多度，提高原状土壤和土壤各粒级团聚体中线虫群落的成熟度指数和结构指数，但并未改变线虫总数、营养类群、功能团及生态指数在团聚体中的分布模式。针对目前国内外研究现状，展望了保护性耕作今后的研究重点，以期为因地制宜选取保护性耕作措施提供理论支持，推进我国农业可持续发展。     

星天牛生物防治研究进展

星天牛Anoplophora chinensis Forster为亚洲本土的林木钻蛀性害虫，近年来已入侵到一些欧洲国家，被列为重要的国际检疫对象。本文综述了国内外有关星天牛的自然天敌种类及其人工利用的研究进展。我国古代曾用黄猄蚁Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius防治危害柑橘树的星天牛，近年来开展了野外释放天敌昆虫花绒寄甲Dastarcus helophoroides Fairmaire成虫和卵卡防治星天牛的实践，都取得了较好的防治效果。川硬皮肿腿蜂Sclerodermus sichuanensis Xiao对星天牛低龄幼虫具有一定的控制作用，天牛卵长尾啮小蜂Aprostocetus fukutai Miwa&Sonan显示出了良好的生物防治利用前景，在意大利对星天牛的卵寄生率最高达72%。一些欧洲本地拟寄生蜂种类，如柄腹茧蜂Spathius erythrocephalus Wesmael也可寄生入侵当地的星天牛自然种群。此外，利用昆虫病原微生物控制星天牛，也具有较好的防治前景，如用布氏白僵菌Beauveria brongniartii Petch制成的无纺布菌条已经在日本开发成为一种商品，真菌侵染可引起天牛高致死率。昆虫病原线虫夜蛾斯氏线虫Steinernema feltiae Filipjev和小卷蛾斯氏线虫S.carpocapsae Weiser也具有作为生物杀虫剂用于控制星天牛幼虫的开发前景。本文还讨论了目前星天牛生物防治中存在的不足及其原因，展望了今后研究的重点和方向。     

Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and fungivorous nematodes on the growth and arsenic uptake of tobacco in arsenic-contaminated soils

The effects of inoculation with two AM fungi (M1, Glomus caledonium; M2, Glomus spp. and Acaulospora spp.) and a fungivorous nematode Aphelenchoides sp. on growth and arsenic (As) uptake of Nicotiana tabacum L. were investigated in soils contaminated with a range of As. The reproduction of Aphelenchoides sp. was triggered by the co-inoculation of AM fungi regardless of AM fungal isolates and As levels. Stimulative effects of Aphelenchoides sp. on the development of mycorrhiza, slightly different between two AM fungi, were found particularly at the lowest As level. Irrespective of mycorrhizal inoculi, increasing soil As level decreased plant growth, but increased plant As uptake. Co-inoculation of AM fungi and Aphelenchoides sp. led plants to achieving further growth and greater As accumulation at the lowest As level. Results showed that the interactions between AM fungi and fungivorous nematodes were important in plant As tolerance and phytoextraction at low level As-polluted soil.