浮萍净化氮磷污水生长条件研究

对分布在长江三角洲地区的5个浮萍品种，通过不同环境温度下氮磷模拟污水化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)三因素三水平正交试验，分别确定了5个浮萍品种在氮磷污水中的最佳生长条件，从而为进一步筛选长江三角洲地区高效净化氮磷污水的浮萍优化品种及其氮磷污水净化技术革新提供了基础。     

Effects of Sodium and Calcium on Acute Toxicity of Un-ionized Ammonia to Atlantic Salmon and Lake Trout

Acute, static 6-hour toxicity tests were conducted on two sizes each of lake trout and Atlantic salmon in the presence of three levels each of NaCl and CaCl₂. Calcium did not protect smolts from NH₃ toxicity but had no effect on the tolerance of Atlantic salmon fry to NH₃. Both cations increased the tolerance of 8-g lake trout fingerlings to NH₃, but neither significantly affected the toxicity of NH₃ to 0.9-g lake trout fry. These results suggest that the mitigating effects of solution cations of NH₃ toxicity may be related to species, size, and life stage.     

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) grazing on duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza)

The aims of this experiment were (1) toquantify the ability of grass carp to processduckweed and (2) to assess indirect changes inwater chemistry and phytoplankton community,caused by grass carp feeding. Yearling grass carp sized 126 ± 7.7 mm (TL) and19.6 g in weight were kept in 9 laminate tanksof 1 m³ for 14 days. Two stockingdensities (2 and 6 fish per m³) anda control without fish were used. Standard growthrate (SGR) of grass carp fed exclusively onduckweed was 0.70% body weight (BW) d^–1and food conversion ratio (FCR) reached 2.0(average water temperature =21.1 ± 3.8 °C). Daily food intakewas 0.2 g of duckweed dry weight (DW), i.e.,1% of average BW of grass carp. SGR ofduckweed growing in 20 × 20 cm floatingenclosures, differed significantly[F(6,2) = 417.9; p = 0.002] between the twostocking densities of grass carp and thecontrol tanks (without fish). Mean SGR ofduckweed was 0.02 g g^–1 day^–1 and thehighest SGR was recorded in the control tanks.Both decrease in NH₄-N and increase inNO₂-N concentrations differedsignificantly between the treatments[F(2,2) = 45.3; p = 0.02 and F(2,2) = 19.2; p = 0.04 respectively]. Changes in other nitrogenand phosphorus components (NO₃-N, TN, TPand PO₄-P) caused by stocking of grasscarp were not significant. Biomass ofphytoplankton, dominated by filamentous algaeand blue-greens, increased proportionately tostocking density of grass carp. Althoughduckweed has a large potential for nutrientremoval, the most common pathway for thenutrients released through grass carp grazingif duckweed cover is loose is theirincorporation into phytoplankton biomass.     

Comparison of faecal collection method with high- and low-quality diets regarding digestibility and faeces characteristics measurements in Nile tilapia

The need for unbiased digestibility estimation has led to the development of a number of faeces collection methods. However, there is still a large variation in apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of diet/ingredients between these methods. This study investigated the impact of dietary quality on ADC and faeces recovery measurements obtained by two faecal collection methods (Choubert and settling tank). The fish were fed five diets: a control diet as high‐quality diet, two levels of dried duckweed (20% and 40%) and two levels of fresh duckweed (20% and 40%), which were added to the control diet, as low‐quality diets. Apparent digestibility coefficient estimates were highly correlated (r>0.95) between both faecal collection methods. For all diets the ADC estimates were higher when using settling tanks compared with Choubert collectors. For the control diet differences in ADC between two collectors were small, but by inclusion of duckweed these differences increased. The recovery percentage of faeces was not correlated between both faecal collection methods (r=0.22, P=0.41). The estimated recovery percentage of faeces by settling tanks was about three times higher than by Choubert. In conclusion, the differences in ADC and faeces recovery measured by two faecal collection methods depend on diet quality.     

浮萍放养体系对污水氮磷的净化效果

以经筛选得到的本地优势浮萍和水花生为供试材料，以生活污水和经稀释的牛场厌氧废水为供试污水，在实验室条件下考察了浮萍单种体系和浮萍-水花生混养体系对污水氮、磷的净化效果。结果表明，浮萍单种体系、浮萍-水花生混养体系对供试污水TN、TP的最大去除率分别为95．24％、91．13％和86．42％、86．43％。在低有机污染条件下，浮萍单种体系对污水氮、磷的净化效果优于浮萍-水花生混养体系；当水体有机污染程度较高时，浮萍单种体系对氮、磷的去除率明显下降，而混养体系依然能对污水氮、磷进行高效去除。     

Susceptibilities of some aquatic ferns to paddy herbicide bensulfuron methyl

Paddy herbicides have the potential to cause adverse effects on non-target plants. Susceptibilities of some aquatic ferns ( Azolla japonica Franch. et Savat., Isoetes japonica A. Braun, Marsilea quadrifolia L. and Salvinia natans All.) and duckweeds ( Lemna minor L. and Spirodela polyrhiza Schleid.) to paddy herbicide bensulfuron methyl (BSM) were evaluated with a 20 day exposure experiment using 200 cm² pots. The BSM concentrations in the surface water of monitoring pots with no plants dissipated exponentially with half lives of 3.5 and 3.9 days at application rates of 15 and 150 g ha⁻¹, respectively. The BSM concentrations in the surface water 1 day after application in the culture pots were comparable among plant species, and were lower than those in the monitoring pots. Bensulfuron methyl reduced the plant growth in all species. I . japonica showed the lowest intrinsic relative growth rate (RGR) and the lowest susceptibility with an effective dose resulting in 50% growth inhibition (ED₅₀) of 21 g ha⁻¹. Except for I . japonica , the RGR of the duckweeds was similar to the ferns, and ED₅₀ for the duckweeds was higher than the ferns. ED₅₀ for Sa . natans , A . japonica and M . quadrifolia were 1.1, 1.8 and 1.2 g ha⁻¹, respectively, which were smaller than 1/20 of the recommended field dose (51–75 g ha⁻¹) and ranged from 1/2 to 1/6 of ED₅₀ for L . minor and Sp . polyrhiza (6.5 and 3.2 g ha⁻¹, respectively). These results suggest that BSM application in paddy fields and its runoff in some localities is expected to have adverse effects on the growth of Sa . natans , A . japonica and M . quadrifolia .     

厌氧发酵牛粪对浮萍生长和养分吸收的影响

养分从牛粪到农田的循环利用是养牛场可持续发展、资源利用和环境保护的重点研究内容。利用奶牛场废水种植水生植物被认为是一种有效的废水处理及养分循环的方法。本文研究了3种浮萍[少根紫萍0128（Landoltia punctata 0128）、膨胀浮萍7589（Lemna gibba 7589）和小浮萍9517（Lemna minuta 9517）]在厌氧发酵过的奶牛场废水中种植时的养分吸收和生物质变化。在28 d的测试期间,种植在稀释比例为1：18的厌氧发酵过的牛奶场废水中的少根紫萍01283获得最高的总氮吸收率（11.6%±1.6%）,种植在稀释比例为1：27厌氧发酵过的牛奶场废水中的少根紫萍0128获得最高的总磷吸收率（15.4%±4.4%）;相应地少根紫萍鲜重的增长率分别为0.11 g·d^-1和0.17 g·d^-1。3种浮萍中,少根紫萍最具有吸收牛奶场废水氮、磷并获得较高生物质的潜力。     

饲料浮萍水平对黄金锦鲤生长性能、消化酶活力及抗氧化能力的影响

为研究浮萍Lemna minor对黄金锦鲤Cyprinus carpio生长性能、抗氧化和消化能力的影响,以初始体质量为(52.99±1.95)g的黄金锦鲤为研究对象,在饲料中分别添加0、3%、6%、9%、13%、14%的浮萍,相应替代同等水平的菜粕,制成6组等氮(粗蛋白质为38.5%~38.6%)、等能(12.2 MJ/kg)的饲料,分别记为D1(对照)、D2、D3、D4、D5、D6饲料组,将540尾健康的黄金锦鲤随机分成6组,每组设3个重复,每个重复放30尾鱼,养殖时间为8周。结果表明:D6饲料组增重率(WGR)、蛋白质效率(PER)、特定生长率(SGR)和肥满度(CF)均显著高于对照组及添加水平为3%的饲料组(P0.05),而其饲料系数(FCR)显著低于上述两组(P0.05);D6饲料组蛋白酶活力与脂肪酶活力显著高于其他饲料组(P0.05),各饲料组间淀粉酶活力则无显著性差异(P0.05);D4与D6饲料组肝胰脏、脾脏、肾脏和血清中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)与过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力显著高于其他饲料组(P0.05),且D6饲料组丙二醛(MDA)活力显著最低(P0.05)。研究表明:本试验条件下,饲料中浮萍的添加水平在14%时,有利于黄金锦鲤的生长,并能提高鱼体抗氧化能力与消化酶活力。     

纳米ZnO对浮萍（Lemna minor L.）的生态毒性及其聚集性和溶解性分析

纳米颗粒的大量生产和应用增加了其环境释放风险,为此以不同浓度的纳米ZnO（0、1、10mg·L-1和50mg·L-1）处理浮萍（LemnaminorL.）7d,分析了纳米颗粒对植物D665/D665a值（叶绿素与脱镁叶绿素的比率）以及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）和Na＋K＋-ATP酶（Na＋K＋-ATPase）活性的影响,并对纳米ZnO的聚集性与溶解性进行了测试。研究结果显示,浓度为50mg·L-1的纳米颗粒显著抑制D665/D665a值和Na＋K＋-ATPase活性,而抗氧化酶活性则显著升高;纳米颗粒在培养液中易发生聚集作用而沉积,12h后基本上完全沉积到底部。结果说明,50mg·L-1的纳米ZnO对浮萍产生了显著的胁迫作用,其对浮萍的毒性作用主要来源于其溶出的Zn2＋。     

浮萍对不同氮肥用量下稻田水中氮含量动态的影响

为探究不同施氮量下2种浮萍[青萍(Lemma minor)和紫萍(Spirodela polyrrhiza)]对稻田田面水氮含量动态的影响,设置5个氮梯度(0、90、180、270、360 kg N·hm^-2),研究浮萍对稻田田面水氨态氮(${NH_{4}}^{+}$-N)、硝态氮($NO_{3}^{-}$-N)及全氮含量动态的影响。结果表明,田面水${NH_{4}}^{+}$-N和全氮含量随着施氮量的增加而增加,添加2种浮萍的稻田田面水${NH_{4}}^{+}$-N含量随培养时间延长呈逐渐降低的趋势。通过对不同氮梯度下${NH_{4}}^{+}$-N含量进行比较分析,发现添加紫萍的田面水${NH_{4}}^{+}$-N含量较青萍低,表明添加紫萍更有利于减少稻田${NH_{4}}^{+}$-N的流失。在N270和N360处理下,全氮含量在整个培养期间呈先降低后升高再降低的趋势,表明高氮量输入(270 及360 kg N·hm^-2)下,添加的浮萍在前期氮素浓度较高时可吸收氮素,而在后期浓度较低时可通过自身腐解向田面水中释放氮素,从而提高后期(培养30 d)田面水氮含量,对于降低施肥初期田面水氮素径流流失风险和保证施肥后期作物的氮营养供应具有重要的作用。本研究为通过放养浮萍优化稻田氮素利用、减少稻田氮素流失提供了理论依据。