椰子组培研究四十年

组织培养对于椰子快速繁殖以及全球椰子产业发展具有重要意义。本文就40年来国内外在椰子组培快繁技术,包括椰子组培技术的重要性,不同外植体如胚芽、花序、子房等在组织培养中的应用与优劣,不同培养基和培育环境对组培效果的影响等要素,进行了详细的总结和讨论。同时总结了椰子组培快繁技术的进展,分析了目前限制椰子组培快繁技术发展的因素,提出了应对策略与具体建议。本文对椰子快繁技术及椰子种质资源保存具有参考价值。     

不同贮藏条件下成熟椰子水品质变化规律研究

以成熟椰子水为试验材料，以吸光度、pH、白利糖度和电导率为指标，结合感官评价对 4 个贮藏温度下的椰子水品质变化特点进行分析。结果表明，各处理随贮藏时间延长，吸光值均逐渐增大，pH 值均逐渐减小，电导率呈增大趋势；温度越低，吸光值增大越缓慢和 pH 维持稳定的时间段越长，说明低温更有利于椰子水的贮藏；相同贮藏温度，密封和非密封保存时间无差别，37℃ 可保存 5 h，24℃ 可保存 8 h，14℃ 可保存 22 h，4℃ 可保存 7 d。椰子水的吸光值和 pH 值剧变时间点与椰子水变质时间节点最接近，其中吸光值变化最为显著，吸光值和 pH 变化可作为反映椰子水变质的主要指标；椰子水收集后迅速降至 4℃ 可满足工业生产要求。     

椰子水化学组成及其影响因素

椰子水是一种古老的热带饮料，以其天然、纯净、营养和功能特性受到越来越多的消费者的喜爱，并引起了众多饮料生产商的关注。椰子水主要是指来源于未成熟的椰子果腔内部的水状液体，汁清如水、入口清甜、晶莹透亮、清凉解渴。椰子水中的固形物含量比较低（2%~5%湿基），主要成分是糖和矿物元素，还有少量的蛋白质、氨基酸及其他微量成分，是一种营养丰富的天然运动和功能性饮料。椰子水的比例、总固形物含量、总糖、还原糖与总糖之比等指标是衡量椰子水质量的重要标准，可作为选育适合饮用椰子的指标。矮种椰子一般适合作为饮料用椰子品种。此外，椰子水还可作为植物组织培养和微生物发酵用基质。椰子水之所以用途广泛主要取决于其独一无二的化学组成，包括糖、维生素、矿物质和氨基酸等。本文主要综述至今文献报道相关椰子水化学组成及其影响因素方面的研究情况。     

椰浆添加量对发酵椰子酸乳品质的影响

椰浆中含有大量的脂肪,高脂肪含量椰浆的添加对发酵后产品的质构、风味和稳定性产生较大影响。以发酵速率、质构特性、流变学特性和产品货架期稳定性为分析指标,研究不同椰浆添加量（20%～60%）对椰子酸乳品质的影响。结果表明：添加40%以上的椰浆进行发酵,发酵速率较快;离心实验和Lumisizer稳定性分析表明,添加40%以上椰浆的椰子酸乳稳定性好,无明显析水和沉淀,稳定性较高;椰子酸乳质构和口感方面,椰浆添加量为40%～50%时,产品软硬度适中,糊口感较弱,顺滑感强,搅拌后产品变稀,便于饮用。因此,椰浆添加量40%～50%（含脂肪12%～15%）的椰子酸乳品质较佳。     

Studying genetic relationships among coconut varieties/populations using microsatellite markers

The extent of genetic diversity and the genetic relationships among 94 coconut varieties/populations (51 Talls and 43 Dwarfs) representing the entire geographic range of cultivation/distribution of the coconut was assessed using 12 pairs of coconut micro satellite primers. A high level of genetic diversity was observed in the collection with the mean gene diversity of 0.647±0.139, with that of the mean gene diversity of Talls 0.703±0.125 and 0.374±0.204 of Dwarfs. A phenetic tree based on D_AD genetic distances clustered all the 94 varieties/populations into two main groups, with one group composed of all the Talls from southeast Asia, the Pacific, west coast of Panama, and all Dwarfs and the other of all Talls from south Asia, Africa, and the Indian Ocean coast of Thailand. The allele distribution of Dwarfs highlighted a unique position of Dwarf palms from the Philippines exhibiting as much variation as that in the Tall group. The grouping of all Dwarfs representing the entire geographic distribution of the crop with Talls from southeast Asia and the Pacific and the allele distribution between the Tall and Dwarf suggest that the Dwarfs originated from the Tall forms and that too from the Talls of southeast Asia and the Pacific. Talls from Pacific Islands recorded the highest level of genetic diversity (0.6±0.26) with the highest number of alleles (51) among all the regions. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The forest garden system of Saparua island Central Maluku, Indonesia, and its role in maintaining tree species diversity

The dusuns of Central Maluku which improve fallows by planting spice trees such as clove (Syzygium aromaticum syn. Eugenia aromatica), nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), or coconut (Cocos nucifera) and tending spontaneous regeneration, are an example of a species-rich forest garden system in the eastern hemisphere of the Indonesian archipelago. In this paper we report the influence of site conditions, as slope inclination, soil type, and soil depth, on species composition, tree species diversity, and stand structure in old dusuns in four villages on Saparua, a small island south of Seram. In addition, we compared the floristic composition and stand structure of old dusuns with those of primary forest and advanced fallow vegetation (∼15-yr old). Soil conditions, particularly the depth of the mineral soil layer, and the relief have a major influence on species selection in dusuns. The most common species in old dusuns were absent both in primary forest and forest fallow. Floristic similarity between old dusuns and the unmanaged stands was low. However, in two study villages species richness of old dusuns was similar to that of the primary forest. Old dusuns showed an open structure with an average reduction of basal area by about half compared to the primary forest. Less than half of all individuals found above 10 cm DBH in old dusuns were planted. Only very few species were exclusively planted. Most species were both planted and emerged from spontaneous regeneration. The results indicate the important role of spontaneous regeneration in this forest garden system. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

木质原料热解及活性炭结构的研究

以椰壳为代表原料进行热解研究，用热重分析法分析了椰壳热分解的机理。与一般木质原料一样，椰壳也是由半纤维素、纤维素和木质素构成，椰壳中的半纤维素的分解温度在200～260℃，纤维素的分解温度在260～295℃，木质素的分解温度在295～320℃。本研究还探讨了椰壳炭的孔结构参数，炭化温度425～720℃，其微孔容积为0．124～O．222mL／g，并用扫描电子显微镜观察了椰壳炭的表面形貌，椰壳在热分解时，细胞壁分解形成了微米级的大孔，并保留了椰壳的纤维状结构。采用离子发射光谱，分析了椰壳炭的微量元素组成，主要有铝、钡、铁、镁、钙、硅等。     

5种化学杀虫剂防治椰心叶甲试验

对珠海市椰子树林发生的椰心叶甲，使用10％氯氰菊脂、48％乐斯本乳剂、16％虫线清乳剂、81％马拉松乳剂、90％敌百虫等5种化学杀虫剂，进行施药防治对比试验。结果显示：喷施10％氯氰菊酯乳剂0．67ml/L与48％乐斯本乳剂1ml/L的混合液、16％虫线清乳剂5ml/L，杀虫平均死亡率分别为94．2％和93．8％，降低林木受害程度的防治效果分别为76．81％和78．26％，显著高于其它药剂处理的效果。     

中国与东盟椰子产业对比分析

对中国与东盟气候条件，椰子生产、贸易、科研发展、政府投入和政策导向等方面进行比较分析，指出中国发展椰子产业存在的问题，并提出加快发展椰子产业的对策及建议。